Image sources and descriptions
Contents (this page)
1. Introduction: Eastern Origins of English
Figure 1.
Location of the Angeln region in southern Denmark
Figure 2. Clickable map illustrating dispersal of the surviving Indo-European languages
3. A-Z blog
4. Phonetics and Phonology of Proto-Indo-European
4.1 Phonological contrasts in Proto-Indo-European
4.1.1 Consonant correspondences between Proto-Indo-European and the surviving Indo-European branches
4.2 Consonants of Proto-Indo-European, part 1: phonation
4.2.1 Stops: Voicing and aspiration
4.2.2 Motivation for reconstructing voiced aspirates in Proto-Indo-European
4.2.3 Detailed examples of phonation types in Indo-European
4.3 Consonants of Proto-Indo-European, part 2: places of articulation; nasals
4.3.1 Stops: Places of articulation
link to Grimm's Law PIEconsonants2.html#Grimm (*b > p) GrimmsLaw.html is very incomplete
link to Satemization PIEconsonants3.html#satemization
(Velars vs. Pre-velars)
Labialized velars
4.3.2 Nasals
Assimilation
Syllabic nasals
4.4 Consonants of Proto-Indo-European, part 3: fricatives and frictionless continuants
4.4.1 Fricatives
Mobile s
Fricatives arising via Grimm's Law
4.4.2 Frictionless continuants
*r
Examples of syllabic [r]
*l
Examples with “clear” [l]
Examples with “dark” [l]
Examples of syllabic [l̩]
[l] vocalization
4.5 Vocoids (vowels and laryngeals)
*i, *e, *u
Ablaut
*o
Non-syllabic *w and *j
Long vowels
4.6 How were Proto-Indo-European laryngeals pronounced?
4.6.1 Characteristics of laryngeals
Characteristics 1 and 2: they can serve as syllable nuclei, i.e. vowels, with three distinct outcomes in Ancient Greek
Characteristic 3: The laryngeals modify the quantity and quality of /e/
Adaptation of Arabic loan-words into other languages
Dialect variation in Arabic vowels
Labialization as an enhancement feature of pharyngeals according to the acoustic theory of speech production
Absence of rounding with *h₂
Further examples with vowels other than /e/
4.6.2 Evidence relating to consonantal characteristics of laryngeals
Characteristic 4: Their (variable) position in syllables
Characteristic 5: “Laryngeal aspiration” in Indo-Iranian
Characteristic 6: In some cases of “laryngeal aspiration”, they also cause the devoicing of a preceding voiced consonant.
Characteristic 7: Occasional survival as voiceless fricatives such as [ħ], [h], or [x]
Consonantal reflexes of initial *h₂ in Iranian, Armenian, and Albanian
Characteristic 8: Cuneiform Hittite and Luwian orthography
Lycian χ
Indo-European cognates in Semitic?
4.6.3 Conclusions
| Previous: Cover |
Next: Introduction |