English words |
come from |
Proto-Indo-European ancestors |
which also developed into |
Examples of “Eastern” relatives (with some Greek and Latin
examples where appropriate) |
a⇩ (see “an”,
“any”, “one”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁ói-nos
[oinos]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Albanian një⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon ān⇩
Proto-Germanic *aina⇩ |
|
The variant form *h₁ói-kos [hoikos]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Mittanian aika⇩,
borrowed into (non-Indo-European) Hurrian 𒀀𒄿𒅗 aika⇩
|
|
|
*h₁ói-kos [hoikos]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Assamese এক ek⇩
|
|
|
*h₁ói-kos [hoikos]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Nepali एक ek⇩
|
|
|
The variant form *h₁ói-wos [hoiwos]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Pashto یو yau⇩
|
|
|
*h₁ói-wos [hoiwos]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek οἶος hoios⇩
“only” |
acre⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂eǵ-ro-s [ɐg̟ʲɾós]⇩,
earlier [ħɐg̟ʲrós] |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अज्र ajra⇩
“field”, that developed into⇩
Hindi ajira⇩
|
after⇩
(see “off”), Scots efter⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂ep-tero- [æptərə]⇩.
The derived form *h₂ep-ér- [apér] |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अपर apara⇩
|
= Proto-Germanic *after |
|
*h₂ep-tero- [æptərə]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Albanian afër⇩
|
aghast [əˈgɑ:st]⇩
(see “ghastly”, “ghost”)
Northern English [ əˈgast] ⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵʰois-d‑o-⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian زشت zesht⇩
“ugly” |
ale⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂el-u-t [ħɐɫʊt]⇩,
earlier [ħɛlʊt]⇩
|
borrowed (from Germanic) into |
Ossetian ӕлутон alúton (no recording available), then
borrowed into Finnish olut⇩
|
all⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂el-nó- [ħɐln—]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit
अरण्य aranya⇩
“wilderness” |
Proto-Germanic *alla⇩
|
|
*h₂el-nó- [ħɐln—]⇩ |
further developed into⇩ |
Bengali অরণ্য oronno⇩
“forest” |
am⇩
(see “is”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁és-mi [ə́smi]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अस्मि asmi⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *immi⇩
|
|
*h₁és-mi [ə́smi]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Latvian esmu⇩
|
an⇩
(see “a”, “any”, “one”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁óin-os [oinos]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Albanian një⇩
|
angle⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂enk-ul-ó- [aŋk—], earlier [ħaŋk—]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Iron Ossetian æнгуыр angur⇩
“fishing hook”
|
Proto-Germanic *angula⇩
|
|
*h₂enk- [ħaŋk]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अङ्क anka⇩
“hook, bend” |
|
|
*h₂enk- [ħaŋk]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἄγκος angos⇩
“a bend” |
ankle⇩
Anglo-Saxon ancl-
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂eng-ul- [aŋgʊl]⇩,
stem *h₂eng- “joint”, earlier [ħæŋg]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian انگشت angusht⇩
“finger” |
cf. Old
Saxon ankel⇩ |
|
*h₂eng- [ħæŋg]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Siraiki angutha⇩
“thumb” |
≈ Proto-Germanic *ankul(a) |
|
*h₂eng-ul- [aŋgʊl]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अंगुली anguli⇩
“finger” |
|
|
*h₂eng-ul- [aŋgʊl]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἀγκύλος angulos⇩
|
answer⇩
(see “swear”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*s-uór- [swor]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्वर svara⇩
“voice, sound” |
|
|
*s-uór- [swor]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian свари́ти swariti⇩
“argue, berate” |
any⇩
(see “a”, “an”, “one”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*óin-os [oinos]⇩,
earlier *h₁oi-no-s |
developed into⇩
|
Albanian një⇩
“a, an, one” |
apple⇩
≈ Anglo-Saxon æppel
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂ebol [ħɑboɫ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian obuolys⇩
|
|
|
*h₂ebol [ħɑboɫ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
South Slavic (e.g. Macedonian) jabolko⇩,
which pronunciation further developed to⇩
Bosnian jabuka⇩
|
arm⇩,
Scots airm⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂erh₁-mos [armos]⇩,
earlier [ħer:mos]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit ईर्म irma⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *arma⇩
|
|
*h₂erh₁-mos [ħer:mos]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἁρμός harmos⇩,
Modern Greek αρμός armos⇩
|
ash⇩
(dusty material; see “star”) |
comes from⇩
|
*h₂eh₂s [ħaχs]⇩,
reduplicated form of *h₂es- “burn” |
developed into⇩
|
Urdu خاکی khaki⇩,
borrowed into⇩
English khaki⇩ |
Anglo-Saxon æsċe⇩
Proto-Germanic *asko⇩
|
|
*h₂eh₂s [ħaχs]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Old Latin asa⇩,
Latin ara⇩ “altar” |
ash⇩
(tree)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃esk- [osk]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Armenian հաճարի hachari⇩
“beech” |
Proto-Germanic *aska⇩
|
|
*h₃esk- [osk]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Modern Greek οξιά oksia⇩
(Ancient Greek ὀξύᾱ oksüa) |
ask⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂oisk- [ħoisk]⇩.
Zero-grade form *h₂isk-o [ħisko]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit इच्छा ichaa⇩
“desire” |
Proto-Germanic *aisko⇩
|
|
*h₂oisk- [ħoisk]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Armenian այց aits⇩
“visit, search, care for” |
bade⇩
[bad] (see “bid”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰodʰ‑⇩, a form of *bʰedʰ-, or
*gʷʰedʰ⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian žedan⇩
“thirsty” |
bade⇩ [beɪd], from Middle English
[ba:d]⇩ |
is also from⇩
|
*bʰodʰ‑⇩ |
|
|
bairn⇩
(see “bear”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰor‑no⇩, a form of *bʰer‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit भरण bharana⇩
“bearing” |
Anglo-Saxon bearn⇩ |
|
*bʰer‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Persian بار bar⇩
“burden” |
band⇩
(see “bind”)
= Anglo-Saxon bænd,
Proto-Germanic *band-
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰéndʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian بند band⇩
“band” |
barrow⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰerǵʰ-os⇩. *bʰerǵʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Arabic برج burj⇩
“tower” (via Middle Persian burg⇩) |
Proto-Germanic *berga⇩
|
|
*bʰerǵʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian برج borj⇩
“tower” |
|
|
*bʰerǵʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Kurdish برج berdz⇩
“tower” |
|
|
*bʰerǵʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi برز ئه borza⇩
“height” |
be⇩
(see “been”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰuh₂ [bʱuɐ̆]⇩,
earlier [bʱuɐ̥̆], [bʱuħ] |
developed into⇩
|
Persian بودن budan⇩,
Balochi بو bu⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *būan⇩
|
|
*bʰuh₂ [bʱuɐ̆]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Albanian botë⇩
“world” |
to bear⇩
(see “bairn”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰer‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit भर bhar⇩
“bearing” |
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic beran⇩
|
|
*bʰer‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian بار bar⇩
“burden” and بردن burdan⇩ “to bear”
|
|
|
*bʰer‑⇩
|
further developed into⇩
|
Pashto وړل wral⇩ |
beat⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰóud‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Armenian բութ but⇩
|
beech⇩
(see “book”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰeh₂ǵ- [bʱɑ:g̟ʲ]⇩,
earlier [bʱeɑ̆g̟ʲ] |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian bazga⇩
|
Anglian bœ̅ċ⇩
derived from bōc⇩
|
|
*bʰeh₂ǵ- [bʱɑ:g̟ʲ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Doric Greek φᾱγός pagos⇩
|
= Proto-Germanic *bōk-
|
|
*bʰeh₂ǵ- [bʱɑ:g̟ʲ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin fagus⇩
|
been⇩
[bi:n] (see “be”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰuh₂ [bʱuɐ̆]⇩,
earlier [bʱuɐ̥̆], [bʱuħ] |
developed into⇩
|
Persian بودن budan⇩,
Balochi بو bu⇩
|
been⇩
[bɪn] |
is also from⇩ |
*bʰuh₂ [bʱuɐ̆]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Albanian botë⇩
“world” |
bellows⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰolǵʰis⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian بالش balesh⇩
“pillow, cushion” |
belly⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*bʰolǵʰis⇩ |
|
|
bequeath⇩ (see “quoth”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷet‑⇩. Likely related to *gʷed‑⇩, which |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit गदति gadati⇩
“to speak” |
bid⇩ (see “bode”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰeudʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit बुद्ध buddha⇩
“awakened” |
bind⇩
(see “band”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic bindan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰéndʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian بند band⇩
“band” |
birch⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰerh₁ǵ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian beržas⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *birkijo⇩ |
|
*bʰerh₁ǵ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian breza⇩
|
bite⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic bīt‑⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰéid‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit भिद् bhid-⇩
|
|
|
*bʰéid‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek φείδομαι pheidomai⇩
|
black⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰlog‑⇩, a form of⇩
*bʰleg‑⇩, possibly related to *bʰléiǵ‑⇩ |
|
|
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰléiǵ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit भ्रज bhrajati⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *blaika⇩
|
|
*bʰléiǵ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian blizgė⇩ “shone” |
bleat⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰleh₁- [bʱle:], [bʱleə]⇩,
earlier [bʱleh] |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian brbljati⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *blēt- ≈
Latvian blēt⇩,
*blēj-⇩
|
|
*bʰleh₁- [bʱleə]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latvian blēt⇩
|
blossom⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰléh₃-e- [bʱlo:ə]⇩,
earlier [bʱléŏə]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bengali ফুল phul⇩
|
blow⇩
(to bloom)
|
is also from⇩
|
*bʰléh₃-e- [bʱlo:ə]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin flos⇩
|
bode⇩
(see “bid”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰudʰ‑⇩, a form of *bʰeudʰ‑⇩.
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian bdeti⇩
|
book⇩
(see “beech”)
= Proto-Germanic *bōk-
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰeh₂ǵ- [bʱɑ:g̟ʲ]⇩,
earlier [bʱeɑ̆g̟ʲ] |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian bazga⇩
|
to bore⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰr(h₁)-eh₂- [bʱr̩hɐ:]⇩,
earlier [bʱr̩heħ] |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit भारती bharati⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *burojan⇩
|
|
Related form *bʰor(h₁)-eh₂- [bʱorhɐ:]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Proto-Italic *forao⇩
(which became Latin foro) |
bottom⇩
(I kid you not)
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰudʰ‑mén-⇩. This has a different
stem from the homophonous root *bʰudʰ‑⇩
of bode. |
developed into⇩
|
Persian بن bun⇩
|
bough⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰeh₂ǵʰ-u- [bʱa:g̟ʲʱ—]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian بازو bazu⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *bōgu⇩
|
|
*bʰeh₂ǵʰ-u- [bʱa:g̟ʲʱ—]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Aeolic Greek πᾶχῠς pakhus⇩
|
bright⇩
Early Modern English bright⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰerh₁ǵ- [bʱeɾɘg̟ʲ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian برازیدن barozidan⇩
“beautify” |
Anglo-Saxon beorht⇩,
berht⇩
=
Proto-Germanic *berht- |
|
*bʰerh₁ǵ- [bʱeɾɘg̟ʲ]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian brėkšta⇩
“to dawn” |
bristle⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰr̥stís [bʱr̩sti̥s]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit भृष्टि bhrshti⇩
“tip, point, spike” |
Proto-Germanic *burst⇩
|
|
*bʰr̥stís [bʱr̩sti̥s]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian борщ borshch⇩
“hogweed, beetroot soup” |
brother⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*bʰréh₂tēr [bʱrá:te:r]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit भ्राता bhraata⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *brōþer⇩
|
|
*bʰréh₂tēr [bʱrá:te:r]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian برادر barodar⇩
|
brow⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃bʰruh₁-s [ŏ̥bʱɾʉ:s]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Urdu ابرو abru⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic brū⇩ |
|
*h₃bʰruh₁-s [ŏ̥bʱɾʉ:s]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ὀφρῦς ophrus⇩
|
call⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gols‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian glas⇩
|
can⇩
(see “know”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Urdu جاننا jaanna⇩ “know” |
Anglo-Saxon cann
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian žinau⇩ “know” |
= Proto-Germanic *kann⇩ |
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Ossetian зонын zhonyn⇩
“know” |
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi زان zan⇩ “know” |
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek γνώση gnose⇩ “knowledge” |
care⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵh̥₂r- [g̟ɐɹ̝]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Doric Greek γᾶρυς garus⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *karo⇩
|
|
*ǵh̥₂r- [g̟ɐɹ̝]⇩ |
also developed into |
Ossetian зар zar “song” (no recording available) |
carve⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gerbʰ‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Albanian gërvisht
⇩ “scratch”
|
chin⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵenu [g̟enu]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian زنخ zanakh⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *kinn⇩
|
|
*ǵenu [g̟enu]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian چانه chaane
⇩ |
chinny reckon⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
Anglo Saxon iċ ne recce⇩
|
See “I, reckon” |
|
choose⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵéus- [g̟ju:s]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian دوست duust⇩
“friend”, borrowed into Urdu⇩
as دوست dost⇩
|
cold⇩
(see “cool”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵól-to-⇩, a form of *ḱel-to-⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian سرد sard⇩,
borrowed into Urdu⇩
as سرد serd⇩
|
= Proto-Germanic *kald‑⇩
|
|
*ḱel-to-⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian šaltas⇩ |
|
|
*ḱel-to-⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian hlad⇩
“shade” |
come⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷem‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit गमति gamati⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *kweman⇩ |
|
*gʷem‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Dari گام gam⇩“step” |
cool⇩
(see “cold”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵól‑⇩, a form of *ḱel-to-⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian سرد sard⇩
, borrowed into Urdu⇩
as سرد serd⇩
|
corn⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [g̟ʲrɐno]⇩,
earlier [grħnó] “matured, ripened” |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit जीर्ण jiirna⇩ “worn out” |
Proto-Germanic *kurn⇩
|
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [g̟ʲrɐno]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian žirnis⇩
“pea” |
|
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [g̟ʲrɐno]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latvian zirni⇩
“peas” |
|
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [g̟ʲrɐno]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Czech zrno⇩
“grains” |
|
|
*ǵr̥h₂nó- [g̟ʲrɐno]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin granum⇩
|
cow⇩,
Scots coo⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷeh₃-u-s [gwo:us]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Dari گاو gau⇩,
Persian گاو gov⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *kou⇩
|
|
*gʷeh₃-u-s [gwo:us]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek βοῦς bous⇩
|
crane⇩
= Proto-Germanic *krān
|
comes from⇩
|
*gr-on‑⇩ |
(possibly) also developed into⇩
|
Persian کلنگ kolang⇩
|
cud⇩
Anglo-Saxon cudu⇩,
cwidu⇩
Proto-Germanic * kwedu
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷétu⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit जतु jatu⇩
“gum, resin” |
cycle⇩
(via Latin from Ancient Greek⇩
κύκλος küklos⇩;
see “wheel”) |
comes from⇩
|
*kʷekʷlos [kwekʷlos]⇩,
from⇩
*kʷe-kʷel‑os⇩ “move around and
around”, reduplication of *kʷel‑⇩
“move around” |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek κύκλος küklos⇩
|
|
|
*kʷekʷlos [kwekʷlos]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit चक्र chakra⇩,
that developed into⇩
Urdu چکر chakar⇩
|
dale⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰol- [dʱol]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian Долина Dolyna⇩,
a place name, “Dale”
|
dare⇩
(see “durst”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰors‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian داشتن daashtan⇩
“to have, hold” |
Proto-Germanic *(ga)dars⇩
|
|
*dʰors‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit धर्षति dharshati⇩
“dare, challenge” |
daughter⇩, Scots dochter⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰugh₂tḗr [dʱugɐté:ɾ], earlier [dʱugħté:ɾ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian دختر dukhter⇩ (a good proxy for
the Proto-Germanic pronunciation) |
Proto-Germanic *duhtēr⇩ |
|
*dʰugh₂tḗr [dʱugħté:ɾ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bulgarian дъщеря dushterya⇩ |
|
|
*dʰugh₂tḗr [dʱugħté:ɾ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Armenian դուստր duster⇩ |
|
|
*dʰugh₂tḗr [dʱugħté:ɾ]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek θυγατέρα thugatera⇩
|
day⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰegʷʰ- [dʱəgʷʱ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Urdu داغ dagh⇩
“a burn” |
deed⇩
(see “do”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰéh₁-ti- [dʱe:ti] ⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit धातु dhaatu⇩ |
Anglo-Saxon dæ̅d⇩
Proto-Germanic *dēdi⇩
|
|
*dʰéh₁-ti- [dʱe:ti]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek θέσις thesis⇩
|
deep⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰeub- [dʱɛʊb]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Albanian det⇩
“sea” |
deer⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰeus‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Urdu دھنسنا dhasna⇩
“to fall”
|
Proto-Germanic *deuz‑⇩
|
|
*dʰeus‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian dvasia⇩
“spirit, breath” |
dew⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰouh₂ [dʱoʊɐ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit धव् dhav⇩
“run, flow” |
Proto-Germanic *daww‑⇩
|
|
*dʰouh₂ [dʱoʊɐ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Persian دود dud⇩
“smoke” |
|
|
The related form⇩
*dʰuh₂ [dʱuɐ]⇩ |
developed into⇩ |
Siraiki dhuul⇩
“dust” |
|
|
The derived form *dʰuh₂-mos⇩
|
developed into⇩ |
Latin fumos⇩
“smoke” |
do⇩
(see “deed”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰoh₁- [dʱo:]⇩,
a form of⇩
*dʰéh₁‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit धा dhaa⇩
“something put down” |
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic dō⇩ |
|
*dʰéh₁‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian nedelja⇩ “not-doing” i.e.
“Sunday; week” |
door⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰur‑⇩ and related form⇩
*dʰwor‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ossetian дуар dwar⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *dur⇩
|
|
*dʰwor‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit dvar⇩,
which further developed into⇩
Punjabi ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ gurdwara⇩
= gur+dwara “gateway to the gurus”; for gur
see “quern”. |
|
|
*dʰwor‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Romani vudar⇩
|
|
|
*dʰwor‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian در dar⇩
|
dream⇩
Proto-Germanic * drau(g)m‑⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰrougʰ-mo-⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian دروغ doroog⇩
“untruth, lie, falsehood” |
durst⇩
(see “dare”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰors‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian داشتن daashtan⇩
“have, hold”
|
Proto-Germanic *durz‑⇩
|
|
*dʰors‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit धर्षति dharshati⇩
“dare, challenge” |
ear⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂ous [hɔʊs]⇩.
The dual form, *h₂ṓus-ih₁⇩, |
developed into⇩
|
Persian هوش hoosh⇩
“intellect” |
Proto-Germanic *auz‑⇩
|
|
Another inflected form, *h₂óus-es- [hɔʊses]⇩, |
developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian ausis⇩
|
earth⇩,
Scottish earth⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁ér-t- [e:rt], earlier [hɘrt]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Albanian varr⇩
|
≈ Proto-Germanic *erþ- |
|
*h₁ér-t- [hɘrt]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian خر kharr⇩
“mud” |
|
|
*h₁ér-t- [hɘrt]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Zazaki her⇩
|
east⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂eus- [hɘʊs]⇩.
The related form⇩
*h₂us‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit उषस् ushas⇩ “dawn” |
Proto-Germanic *austr‑⇩ |
|
*h₂us‑⇩ |
further developed into⇩ |
Siraiki ushaa⇩
“light” |
|
|
*h₂eus- [hɘʊs]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin Aurora⇩
|
eat⇩
(see “tooth”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic etan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁éd- [ɛd]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अत्ति atti⇩ |
|
|
*h₁éd- [ɛd]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian jedem⇩
|
|
|
*h₁éd- [ɛd]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἔδω edo⇩
|
edge⇩
(see “heaven”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂eḱ- [ħak̟ʲ]⇩,
from earlier⇩
[ħek̟ʲ]⇩,
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian آس aas⇩
“millstone” |
Proto-Germanic *agjō⇩
|
|
*h₂eḱ- [ħak̟ʲ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἀκίς akis⇩
“barb” |
egg⇩,
a loan from Old Norse |
comes from⇩
|
*h₂ōu-ió- [χɐuio]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian خایه haye⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon æ̅ġ⇩
Proto-Germanic *ajja⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*h₂ōu-ió- [χɐuio]⇩,
which |
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi ہیک hayk⇩
|
|
|
*h₂ōu-ió- [χɐuio]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Pashto هګئ hagey⇩
|
|
|
*h₂ōu-ió- [χɐuio]⇩,
derived from⇩
*h₂eu-is [ħɐʊɪs]⇩
“bird”, which |
developed into⇩
|
Armenian հավ hav⇩
“bird” |
|
|
*h₂eu-is [ħɐʊɪs]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin avis⇩
“bird” |
eight⇩,
Scots eicht⇩
= Middle English eiȝt
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂oḱtṓu⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Tajik ҳашт hasht⇩
|
eke⇩
(see “wax”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂éug- [hɑug]⇩,
which |
developed into⇩
|
Latvian augt⇩
“grow” |
Proto-Germanic *aukan⇩
|
|
*h₂éug- [hɑug]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian aukštas⇩
“high, tall” |
|
|
*h₂éug- [hɑug]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin Augustus⇩
“increased, honored” |
elbow⇩
= ell⇩-bow
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁eh₃l-én-eh₂- [ho̥:léna:]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian ارنج arenj⇩ |
Proto-Germanic *alīnō⇩
|
|
*h₁eh₃l-én-eh₂- [ho̥:léna:]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Modern Greek ωλένη oleni⇩
“ulna, elbow bone” |
|
|
*h₁eh₃l-én-eh₂- [ho̥:léna:]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin ulna⇩
|
|
|
*h₁eh₃l-é- [ho:lé]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Latvian olekts⇩
|
else⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂él-io-s [ɐlios]⇩,
earlier⇩
[ħelios]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Armenian այլ ayl⇩
“other, also, but” |
empty⇩
(see “mete”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*méd-e‑⇩ “measure”
|
developed into⇩
|
Armenian միտք mitk’⇩
“mind, idea”
|
English⇩
(see “hangnail”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂emǵʰ-u- [ħaŋg̟ʱu]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian uzak⇩
“narrow” |
Proto-Germanic *angwu⇩ |
|
*h₂emǵʰ-u- [ħaŋg̟ʱu]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin ango⇩
“choke, constrict” |
enough⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂noḱ- [ɐ̥nok̟ʲ], earlier [ħnok̟ʲ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit नशति nashati⇩
“to reach, attain” |
Anglo-Saxon genog⇩
|
|
*h₂e-h₂noḱ- [ħɐ̥ħnok̟ʲ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Albanian kënaq⇩
“satisfy” |
Proto-Germanic *noga⇩
|
|
*h₂noḱ- [ħnok̟ʲ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἀνάγκη anangke⇩
“necessity” |
|
|
The derived form *h₂nḱ- [ħnk̟ʲ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Armenian հասնել hasnel⇩
“reach” |
ewe⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃éu-i-s [ʕo:is]⇩
(Simulation 1) |
|
|
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃éu-i-s [ħʷo:is]⇩
(Simulation 2) |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अवि avi⇩ |
Proto-Germanic *awis⇩
|
|
*h₃éu-i-s [ħʷo:is]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian avis⇩
|
|
|
*h₃éu-i-s [ħʷo:is]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Armenian հովիվ hovif⇩
“shepherd” |
|
|
*h₃éu-i-s [ħʷo:is]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian ovca⇩
|
eye⇩,
Scots ee⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃okʷ [okʷ]⇩,
a form of *h₃ekʷ [ʕekʷ] (?) |
developed into⇩
|
Urdu آنکھ aankh⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *augo⇩
|
|
*h₃okʷ [okʷ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Romani yakh⇩
|
|
|
*h₃okʷ [okʷ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Armenian ակն akn⇩
|
|
|
*h₃okʷ [okʷ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin oculus⇩
|
fallow⇩
(pale coloured, as in “fallow deer”) |
comes from⇩
|
*polh₁-uo [polwo]⇩.
The related form *polh₁-tos [polɪtos]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पलित palita⇩
“grey”
|
Anglo-Saxon fealu⇩
Proto-Germanic *falwa⇩
|
|
From the same stem *polh₁‑⇩,
another form, *polh₁-yos, |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek πολιός polios⇩
“grey” |
|
|
The related form *pelh₁‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Latvian pelēks⇩
|
fare⇩
(see “ford”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic faran⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*pór-e‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian پل pul⇩
“bridge” |
fart⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*pérd-e‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Urdu پادری pardri⇩
|
fast⇩
(Northern English)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ph₂sth₂-o- [pastao]⇩.
*ph₂st(h₂)-⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Armenian հաստ hast⇩
“firm, steady” |
= Proto-Germanic *fast- |
|
*ph₂sth₂‑
⇩ developed from⇩
*ph₂ǵ-sth₂‑⇩ “fix/stand”. *ph₂ǵ‑⇩ |
continued almost unchanged into |
Latin paganus⇩
“countrysider” (pagus = “region, countryside”) |
father⇩
(see “food”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ph₂-tḗr [pɑté:r]⇩,
earlier [pħté:r] “feeder, protector” |
developed into⇩
|
Persian پدر pedar⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *fadēr⇩ |
|
*ph₂-tḗr [pɑté:r]⇩ |
further developed into⇩ |
Pashto پلار plar⇩
|
|
|
*ph₂-tḗr [pɑté:r]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin pater⇩
|
feather⇩
(see “fern”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*péth₂r- [pétɐr]⇩,
earlier [pétħr] |
developed into⇩
|
Armenian փետուր petur⇩
|
|
|
The stem *péth₂- [pétɐ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Modern Greek πέταλο petalo⇩
“petal, horseshoe” |
|
|
*péth₂- [pétɐ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Marathi पत्र patra⇩
|
fee⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*péḱu [pék̟ʲʉ]⇩
“cattle, property” |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पशु pashu⇩
“cattle” |
Proto-Germanic *fehu⇩ |
|
*péḱu [pék̟ʲʉ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Punjabi ਪਸ਼ੂ pashu⇩
“cattle” |
|
|
*péḱu [pék̟ʲʉ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Pashto پسه pasa⇩
“sheep” |
|
|
*péḱu [pék̟ʲʉ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Ossetian фыс fush⇩
“sheep” |
fern⇩
(see “feather”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*pterh₂ [pterħ]⇩
(Kroonen) |
developed into⇩
|
Persian پر per⇩
“feather, wing”
|
Proto-Germanic *farna⇩
|
|
*pterh₂ [pterħ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek πτερά ptera⇩
“feathers, wings” |
few⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ph₂u- [pɐu]⇩,
earlier [pħu] |
developed into⇩
|
Urdu پُوت puut⇩
“son” |
Proto-Germanic *faw‑⇩
|
|
*ph₂u- [pɐu]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin paucus⇩
|
field⇩
(see “flat”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*pelth₂- [peltʰɐ]⇩
~ [peltħ]⇩. Variant form *pl̥th₂-
[pl̩tɐ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पृथु prthu⇩
“broad, wide” |
Proto-Germanic *felþ-⇩
|
|
Alternative analysis: *pelh₂- [pelɐ]⇩,
variant⇩
*polh₂- [polɐ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Proto-Slavic and Polish pole⇩
|
|
|
*pelh₂- [pelɐ]⇩ |
further developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian and Slovenian polje⇩ |
fiend⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ph₁-i-ont- [piont]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पीयति piyati⇩
“hate” |
fierce⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵʰwēr‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian شیر shir⇩,
which was adapted into⇩
Mandarin Chinese 狮子 shizi sh’dz’⇩
“lion” |
via Latin fērus |
|
*ǵʰwēr‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian žvėrinė⇩
“huntress” |
fight⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*peḱ-t-e⇩. The derived form *poḱ‑s-mn̥⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian پشم pashm⇩
“wool” |
film⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*pel-mo⇩. A related form *pel-no⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian pelena⇩
“diaper” |
find⇩
(see “path”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic findan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*pént-e‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Vedic Sanskrit पन्थासो panthaso⇩
“path”, borrowed into⇩
Bengali পন্থা pontha⇩
|
fire⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*péh₂‐ur [pa(ħ)ur]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Balochi پُر phor⇩
“ashes, flames” |
Proto-Germanic *fuwōr⇩ |
|
*péh₂‐ur [pa(ħ)ur]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Armenian հուր hur⇩
|
first⇩
(see “former”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*preh₂- [pʰreɐ]⇩,
earlier [pʰreħ]
|
developed into⇩
|
Hindi प्रथम pratham⇩
|
Proto-North-West Germanic *fōr-est⇩
|
|
*preh₂- [pʰreɐ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Doric Greek πρᾶτος pratos⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *fur-ist, superlative
of *fura⇩
|
|
The derived form *prh₂-wos [pʰrɐwos]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पूर्व purva⇩
|
|
|
*prh₂-wos [pʰrɐwos]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Bulgarian първо prrvo⇩
|
five⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Proto-Indo-Iranian and Sanskrit पञ्च pancha⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *fimfe⇩
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
further developed into⇩
|
Urdu پانچ panch⇩,
borrowed into English “punch” (drink made of five ingredients) |
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi پنچ panch⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Kurdish پێنج, pênc pench⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Punjabi ਪੰਜ panj⇩,
as in ਪੰਜਾਬ Punj Ab⇩
“five rivers” |
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian پنج panj⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
European Romani panzh⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ossetian фондз fondz⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Pashto پنځه pindza⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Armenian հինգ hing⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Albanian pesë⇩ |
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek πέντε pente⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient and Modern Greek πέμπτος pemptos⇩
“fifth” |
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Welsh pump⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Oscan 𐌐𐌖𐌌𐌐𐌄 pumpe⇩,
which developed into⇩
Italian Pompei⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Latin quinque⇩
|
|
|
*pénkʷe⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Irish cúig⇩
|
|
|
A derived form⇩,
*pnkʷ-ti⇩,
|
developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian п'ять pjatj⇩
|
|
|
*pnkʷ-ti⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian pet⇩
|
|
|
*pnkʷ-ti⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian penki⇩
|
|
|
*pnkʷ-ti⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latvian piektdiena⇩
“fifth day” i.e. Friday |
flat⇩
(see “field”)
Loan from Old Norse flatr⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*plth₂‑ [pl̩tɐ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पृथु prthu⇩
“broad, wide” |
Proto-Germanic *flataz⇩
|
|
*plth₂‑
[pl̩tɐ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek Πλαταια Plataia⇩,
a city-state, literally “Flat Country” |
flax⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*pleḱ-t‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit प्रश्न prashna⇩
“woven basket” |
Proto-Germanic *flaht⇩
|
|
*pleḱ-t‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian плести́ plesti⇩
“weave” |
flow⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*plṓu-e‑⇩
[pʰloʊə]
|
developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian плавати plavati⇩
“float, swim”, Slovenian plavati⇩
|
= Proto-Germanic *flōan |
|
*plṓu-e‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अन्ववप्लु plavate⇩
“dive” |
fodder⇩
(see “food”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*peh₂- [peħ, peɐ̥]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian پاییدن payidan⇩
“protect, feed” |
Proto-Germanic *fodra⇩
|
|
*peh₂- [peɐ̥]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin pastum⇩
“pasture” |
foe⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*póiḱ‑o-⇩.
The derived form⇩
*piḱ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पिशुन pishuna⇩
“evil” |
Anglo-Saxon fāh⇩
Proto-Germanic *faih⇩
|
|
*piḱ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian piktas⇩
“angry” |
food⇩
(see “fodder”, “father”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*peh₂- [peħ, peɐ̥]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian پاییدن payidan⇩
“protect, feed” |
⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*pōd‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit and Hindi पद pad⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic fōt⇩ |
|
*pōd‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Balochi پاد paad⇩ |
|
|
*pōd‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Pashto پل pal⇩
“footstep” |
ford⇩
(see “fare”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*pr̥tu- [pr̩tʰu]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पिपर्ति piparti⇩
“bring over” |
Proto-Germanic *furdu⇩
|
|
*pr̥tu- [pr̩tʰu]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian and Urdu پل pul⇩
“bridge” |
former⇩
(see “first”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*prh₂-mó- [pʰrɐmo]⇩,
earlier [pʰr̩ħmo]
|
developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian pirmo⇩
|
four⇩,
Scots fowre⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kʷetwṓr‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian чоти́ри chotiri⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *fedwōr⇩
|
|
*kʷetwṓr‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit चतुर् chatur⇩
|
|
|
*kʷetwṓr‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian چهار chahar⇩
|
friend⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*prih₁-eh₂- [pʰri:ɐ:]⇩,
earlier [pʰriheħ] |
developed into⇩
|
Kurdish ئافراندن afrandin⇩
“create” |
Proto-Germanic *frijon⇩
|
|
*prih₁-eh₂- [pʰri:ɐ:]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit प्रीणाति priinaati⇩
“to please” |
|
|
*prih₁-eh₂- [pʰri:ɐ:]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian prijatelj⇩
“friend” |
full⇩
= Anglo-Saxon full
|
comes from⇩
|
*pl̥h₁-nó- [pl̩n —]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian پر pur⇩
|
|
|
*plh₁-nó- [pl̩n —]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पृणाति prnaati⇩
“fill” |
|
|
Variant form *pleh₁-nó-⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Latin plenus⇩
|
gander⇩
(see “goose”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵʰh₂ens [g̟ʲʱɐns]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Urdu ہنس hans⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *ganzô⇩
|
|
*ǵʰh₂ens [g̟ʲʱɐns]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin anser⇩
“duck” |
gang⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵʰengʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit जङ्घा janghaa⇩
“leg” |
|
|
*ǵʰengʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Romani chang⇩
“knee” |
|
|
*ǵʰengʰ‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Urdu ٹانگ taang⇩
“leg”
|
garden⇩
(see “gird”, “yard”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʰordʰ-o‑⇩, a form of *gʰerdʰ‑⇩.
The derived form *gʰrdʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian کرت chart⇩
“plot” |
Anglo-Norman and Frankish *gardin⇩ |
|
*gʰordʰ-os⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian gardas⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *garda⇩ |
|
*gʰordʰ-os⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek χόρτος khortos⇩
|
|
|
*gʰordʰ-o⇩ |
developed into⇩ |
Pashto كور kor⇩
“house” |
geese⇩
(see “goose”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵʰh₂ens [g̟ʲʱɐns]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Urdu ہنس hans⇩
|
ghastly⇩ (see “aghast”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵʰois-d‑o-⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian زشت zesht⇩
“ugly” |
ghost⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*ǵʰois-d‑o-⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian ižeisti⇩
“offend” |
gird⇩
(see “garden”, “yard”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʰerdʰ‑⇩. The derived form *gʰrdʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian کرت chart⇩
“plot” |
glad⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʰleh₂dʰ- [gʱla:dʱ], earlier [gʱleɐdʱ]⇩,
[gʱleħdʱ] |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian gladak⇩
“smooth”
|
= Proto-Germanic *glad(a)
|
|
The derived form *gʰlh₂dʰ-ro- [gʱlɐdʱro]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Latin, Spanish and Italian glabro⇩
|
glee⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʰlei‑⇩. The related form *gʰleu‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian glumiti⇩
“act, pretend”
|
go⇩
Scots gae⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵʰeh₁- [g̟ʱe:]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit जहाति jahaati⇩
“abandon, go away from”
|
Anglo-Saxon gān⇩
Proto-Germanic *gēn⇩
|
|
The derived form *ǵʰeh₁-ro [g̟ʱe:ro]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek χήρα khera⇩
“person left behind, widow” |
gold⇩
(see “yellow”)
= Anglo-Saxon gold
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵʰlh₃-to- [g̟ʲʱl̩t—]⇩.
The related form *ǵʰelh₃- [g̟ʲʱel—]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian زرد zard⇩
“yellow”
|
Proto-Germanic *gulda⇩
|
|
*ǵʰelh₃- [g̟ʲʱel—]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian zelena⇩
“green” |
|
|
The derived form⇩
*ǵʰlh₃-ros [g̟ʲʱlo̥ros]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek χλωρός khloros⇩
“yellowy-green” (as in chlorine) |
good⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʰodʰ-eh₂- [gʱodʱa:]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit गध्य gadhya⇩
“to seize”
|
Proto-Germanic *gōda⇩ |
|
*gʰodʰ-eh₂- [gʱodʱa:]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian ugodan⇩ “pleasing” |
goose⇩
(see “gander”, “geese”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵʰh₂ens [g̟ʲʱɐns]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Urdu ہنس hans⇩
|
gosling⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*ǵʰh₂ens [g̟ʲʱɐns]⇩,
which |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin anser⇩
|
groom⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dʰǵʰm-on‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Pashto ځمکه dzmaka⇩
“earth” |
= Proto-Germanic *guma(n) |
|
*dʰǵʰm-on‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Persian زمین zamin⇩
“earth” |
hale⇩
(see “whole”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*koi-l‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian cijelo⇩
“all” |
hall⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱel- [k̟ʲel]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit शाला shaala⇩,
borrowed into⇩
Thai ศาลา saalaa⇩
|
hang⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱónk-e‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit शङ्क shanka⇩
“doubt” |
Proto-Germanic *hanhan⇩ |
|
*ḱónk-e‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Hittite 𒅗𒀀𒀭𒆠 kaanki⇩
|
hangnail⇩
(see “English”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂emǵʰ-u- [ħaŋgʱu]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian uzak⇩
“narrow” |
hare⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱh₂s-en- [kɐsən]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit शश shasha⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *hazan⇩
|
|
*ḱh₂s-en- [kʰasən]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
European Romani shoshoi⇩
|
|
|
*ḱh₂s-en- [kʰasən]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin canus⇩
“white” |
harrow⇩
(see “shear”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ker-p⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Urdu کرپان krpaan⇩
“sword”
|
Proto-Germanic *harbist⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*ker-p⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Punjabi ਕਿਰਪਾਨ kirpaan⇩,
the dagger worn by Sikhs |
hart⇩
(see “horn”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱer-h₂⇩. The derived form⇩
*ḱor-h₂⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian karvė⇩
“cow” |
≈ Proto-Germanic *herut-
|
|
*ḱor-h₂⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian корова korova⇩
“cow” |
have⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kh₂p-éh₁- [kapé:]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit कपटी kapati⇩
“holding” (as much as can be held in the two hands joined) |
Proto-Germanic *habēn⇩
|
|
The root *kh₂p- [kap]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Albanian kap⇩
“grab, catch” |
|
|
*kh₂p- [kap]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek κάπτω kapto⇩
“gulp” |
head⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kh₂p-ut- [kɐput]⇩ |
continued almost unchanged into ⇩ |
Latin caput⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *haubed⇩
|
|
A related form, *kh₂p-ol- [kɐpol]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit and Nepali कपाल kapaal⇩
“skull” |
|
|
*kh₂p-ol- [kɐpol]⇩
|
also passed (by borrowing from Sanskrit)
into⇩
|
Japanese 瓦 kawara⇩
“roof tile” |
heart⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱerd [k̟ʲerd]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Hindi हृदय hrday⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon heort⇩
Proto-Germanic *hert‑⇩ |
|
*ḱerd [k̟ʲerd]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Pashto زړه zra⇩
|
|
|
*ḱerd [k̟ʲerd]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian srce⇩
|
heaven⇩
(see “edge”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂ḱ-mon- [ħak̟ʲmon]⇩,
from *h₂eḱ-mon- [ħek̟ʲmon]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian آسمان asman⇩
“sky” |
Proto-Germanic *hemon⇩
|
|
*h₂eḱ-mon- [ħek̟ʲmon]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian akmuõ⇩
“stone” |
|
|
*h₂eḱ-mon- [ħek̟ʲmon]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἄκμων akmon⇩
“anvil, meteoric stone, meteorite” |
hen⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*keh₂n- [ka:n]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian خواندن khandan⇩
“to sing, call” |
|
|
*keh₂n- [ka:n]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Slovak káňa⇩
“buzzard” |
herd⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱerdʰ-eh₂-⇩ [k̟ʲeɾdʱeɐ], earlier
[k̟ʲerdʱeħ] |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian krda⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *herdo⇩
|
|
*ḱerdʰ-eh₂-⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Slovenian čreda⇩
|
hew⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kóuh₂-e- [kóuɐ̥]⇩,
earlier [kóuħe] |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian kovač⇩
“smith” |
high⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kóuk-o‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian kuka⇩
“hook” |
hold⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kel- [kel]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit कलयति kalayati⇩
“counts” |
home⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱoim‑os⇩, a form of⇩
*ḱei‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit शी shi⇩
“to lie down”
|
Proto-Germanic *haim‑⇩ |
|
*ḱoim‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian kaima-⇩
“village” |
honey⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kn̥h₂-onk-o-s [kn̩aoŋk̟os]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Hindi कनक kanak⇩
“gold” |
Proto-Germanic *hunang⇩
|
|
The related form *kn̥h₂-ko- [knɐko]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Doric Greek κνακός knakos⇩
“safflower” (Mycenaean Greek 𐀏𐀙𐀒 ka-na-ko) |
hook⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kéh₃go- [kɔ:gɔ]⇩,
derived from⇩
*kéh₃ngo- [kɔ:ŋgɔ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian چنگ chang⇩
“claw” |
= Proto-Germanic *hok- |
|
*kéh₃go- [kɔgɔ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Russian ко́готь kogot⇩
|
horn⇩
(see “hart”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱr̥-n- [k̟ʲr̩n]⇩.
The derived form *ḱr-n-go- |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit शृङ्ग shrnga⇩.
The Persian cognate of this word, سرنا sorna⇩,
a musical instrument, was borrowed into Chinese as 唢呐 (Mandarin
suǒnà⇩).
|
|
|
*ḱr̥-n- [k̟ʲr̩n]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Luwian 𒍪𒌨𒉌 zurni⇩
|
|
|
The root *ḱer‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Northern Kurdish ser⇩
and Urdu سر ser⇩
“head” |
|
|
*ḱer‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Armenian սար sar⇩
“peak, mountain”; Persian and Pashto سر sar⇩
“head” |
hound⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱu-on‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit श्वन् shwan⇩ |
= Proto-Germanic *hund- |
|
*ḱu-on‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Armenian շուն shun⇩
|
|
|
*ḱu-on‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian šuo⇩
|
hue⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱieh₁- [k̟ʲe:]⇩,
earlier [k̟ʲeh] |
developed into⇩
|
Persian سیاه siyah⇩
“black” |
hundred⇩
(see “ten”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱm̥tóm [k̟ʲm̩tóm], earlier *dḱm̥-tó- [dk̟ʲm̩tó]⇩.
*dḱm̥t‑⇩
“ten” |
developed into⇩
|
Iron Ossetian сӕдӕ shada⇩,
which further developed into⇩
Digor Ossetian сӕдӕ sada⇩
|
= Proto-Germanic *hund-rada |
|
*dḱm̥t‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian صد sad⇩
|
I⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁éǵh₂ [heɟɐ̥]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ossetian æз az⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *ik⇩
|
|
*h₁éǵh₂ [heɟɐ̥]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Pashto زه zuh [zə]⇩ |
ice⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁éih₁-so [heiso]⇩.
The related form *h₁eih₁-ko- [ heiko] ⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Urdu یخ yakh⇩
|
is⇩
(see “am”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁és-ti [ésti]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अस्ति asti⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *isti⇩
|
|
*h₁és-ti [ésti]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian است ast⇩
|
|
|
*h₁és-ti [ésti]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Albanian është⇩ |
|
|
*h₁és-ti [ésti]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian jeste⇩ |
jowl⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵebʰ- [g̟ʲebʱ], later [ʤeb]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Urdu جبڑا jabra⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *kavlaz⇩
|
|
*ǵebʰ- [ʤeb]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Czech žábra⇩
“fish gill” |
kill⇩
(see “quell”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥]⇩ |
developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian įgelti⇩ “to sting” |
Proto-Germanic *kwalian⇩
|
|
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Latvian iedzelt⇩ “to sting” |
|
|
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Ukrainian жаль zhal⇩
“sorrow” |
|
|
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian žaoka⇩
“stinger, barb” |
|
|
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek βέλεμνον belemnon⇩,
“javelin, dart” |
kin⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵenh₁- [g̟ʲenə]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit जनति janati⇩
“give birth” |
kind⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*ǵenh₁- [g̟ʲenə]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian زادن zadan⇩
“give birth” |
Proto-Germanic *kindi⇩
|
|
*ǵenh₁- [g̟ʲenə]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek γενέτα geneta⇩
“birth” |
knee⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵn-eu- [g̟nəo]⇩.
The related form⇩
*ǵonu‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit जानु jaanu⇩
|
= Proto-Germanic *knew-
|
|
*ǵonu‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Urdu زانو zanu⇩
|
know⇩
(see “can”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Urdu جاننا jaannaa⇩
|
Proto-West Germanic *knā-
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian žinau⇩
|
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Ossetian зонын zhonyn⇩ |
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi زان zan⇩
|
|
|
*ǵnéh₃- [g̟nəŏ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek γνώση gnose⇩
|
land⇩
= Anglo-Saxon and Proto-West
Germanic land
|
comes from⇩
|
*lendʰ- [lendʱ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Polish Lędzianie⇩
“Lendians” |
lean⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱli-n- [k̟ʲli:n]⇩.
The related form *ḱlei‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit श्रयते shrayate⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *hlin-⇩ |
|
*ḱlei‑⇩ |
further developed into⇩ |
Panjabi ਆਸਰਾ aasara⇩
“refuge”
|
leave⇩
over
|
comes from⇩
|
*loip‑⇩. The related form *leip‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Polish lepić⇩ “mould, be sticky” |
Proto-Germanic *laib‑⇩
|
|
*leip‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian ljepilo⇩
“glue” |
|
|
*leip‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Greek λιπαρός liparos⇩
“oily” |
lend⇩
(see “loan”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*leikʷ‑⇩ “to leave”
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian ریختن rikhtan⇩
“pour, spill, sprinkle” |
Proto-Germanic *lihwan⇩
cf. Old Saxon lihan⇩ |
|
*leikʷ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian liko⇩
“left” |
let⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*leh₁-d- [le:d]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Albanian lodh⇩
“to tire” |
lick⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*liǵʰ‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian لیس lis⇩
|
lie⇩
down
|
comes from⇩
|
*légʰyo‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian ležati ⇩ |
to tell a lie⇩
≈ Proto-Germanic *leugan
|
comes from⇩
|
*léugʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian lagati⇩
|
light⇩
(brightness)
|
comes from⇩
|
*leuk‑⇩ [lɘʊk] |
developed into⇩
|
Balochi روچ roch⇩
“day” |
Middle English liht⇩ |
|
*leuk‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit रोचते rochate⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon leoht⇩
|
|
*leuk‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian روشنی roshani⇩
“brightness”, which was borrowed into⇩
Urdu as روشنی roshni⇩
|
|
|
*leuk‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Northern Kurdish roj rozh⇩
“Sun, day” |
|
|
*leuk‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Tajik рӯз ruz⇩
“day”, Persian روز ruz, as in نوروز nowruz⇩
“New [Year's] Day” (see “new”) |
|
|
*leuk‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Armenian լույս luys⇩ |
light⇩
(weight)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁lengʷʰ‑to-
[e̥lʲɐŋgʷʰ—]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit लघु laghu⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *linht‑⇩
|
|
*h₁lengʷʰ‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἐλαχύς elakhüs⇩
|
lip⇩
= Anglo-Saxon lippe
|
comes from⇩
|
*leb‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian لب lab⇩
|
listen⇩
(see “loud”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱleu-s [klɐʊs]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit श्रोष्यति shroshyati⇩
“will hear” |
Proto-Germanic *hlus-⇩
|
|
*ḱleu-s⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian slušati slushati⇩
|
|
|
*ḱleu-s⇩
|
continued almost unchanged into |
Lithuanian klausyti⇩
|
loan⇩
(see “lend”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*loikʷ‑⇩, a form of⇩
*leikʷ‑⇩ “to leave”, which |
developed into⇩
|
Persian ریختن rikhtan⇩
“pour, spill, sprinkle” |
lock⇩
= Proto-Germanic *lūkan
|
comes from⇩
|
*leug‑⇩. A related form, *lug-no-s⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit and Hindi रुग्ण rugna⇩
“bent” |
long⇩,
Scots lang⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic lang⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dlonǵʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian دراز deraz⇩
|
loud⇩
(see “listen”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic hlūd⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱleu-t [klɐʊt]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit श्रुत shruta⇩
“heard” |
love⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*lubʰ‑⇩, a form of *leubʰ-⇩
|
continued almost unchanged into |
Sanskrit लुभ्यति lubhyati⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon lufu⇩
Proto-Germanic *luba⇩
|
|
*leubʰ-⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian ljubav⇩
“love” |
lust⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*leh₂s- [lɐ:s]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Hindi अनभिलषित anabhilashit⇩
“undesired”
|
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic lust⇩ |
|
*leh₂s- [lɐ:s]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian laskati⇩
“flatter” |
|
|
*leh₂s- [lɐ:s]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin lascivus⇩
|
maggot⇩
(see “moth”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*mot‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Belarusian мотыль matil⇩
“butterfly” |
Proto-Germanic *maþik⇩ |
|
*mot‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian ملخ malakh⇩
“locust, grasshopper” |
man⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*mánu-s⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bengali মানুষ manush⇩
|
|
|
*mánu-s⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Romani manush⇩,
borrowed into French manouche “Gipsy” |
mane⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*mon-eh₂- [monɐ̤ɦ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Marathi मान maan⇩
“nape” |
many⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*monogʰo⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian mnogo⇩
|
march⇩
(frontier region)
|
comes from⇩
|
*morǵ-eh₂ [morg̟ʲɐ:]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian مرز marz⇩
“border” |
Anglo-Saxon mearc⇩
Proto-Germanic *marko⇩
|
|
*morǵ-eh₂ [morg̟ʲɐ:]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin margo⇩
|
may⇩
(see “might”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*mogʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मघ magha⇩
“power” |
Proto-Germanic *mag⇩
|
|
*mogʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Persian مغ mog⇩
“mage, magus” |
|
|
*mogʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian možda⇩
“maybe” |
mead⇩
(honey wine)
|
comes from⇩
|
*medʰ-u‑⇩
|
developed almost unchanged into ⇩
|
Lithuanian medus⇩
“honey”
|
Proto-Germanic *medu |
|
*medʰ-u‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मधु madhu⇩
|
meal⇩
(ground food) (see “mould”) |
comes from⇩
|
*melh₁-uo- [meləwɔ]⇩.
*melh₁‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian مالیدن malidan⇩
“rub” |
Anglo-Saxon melu⇩
Proto-Germanic *melwa⇩
|
|
*melh₁‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मृद् mrd⇩
“rub” |
|
|
*melh₁‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Urdu ملنا malna⇩
“rubbing” |
mere⇩
(lake)
|
comes from⇩
|
*mor-i- [moɾi]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian more⇩
“sea” |
merry⇩
(see “mirth”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*mrǵʰ-u‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मुहु muhu⇩
“short” |
mete⇩
out (see “empty”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*méd-e‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Armenian միտք mitk’⇩
“thought” |
mice⇩
(see “mouse”)
|
comes from⇩ |
*muh₁s‑
[mu:s]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian موش mush⇩
|
mid⇩
= Anglo-Saxon midd
|
comes from⇩
|
*medʰ-io- [medʱjo]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मध्य madhya⇩,
that developed into⇩
Hindi मध्य madhye⇩
|
might⇩
(see “may”)
= Middle English miht
|
comes from⇩
|
*mogʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मघ magha⇩
“power” |
milk⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂melǵ- [ħmelg̟ʲ]⇩,
[ɐ̥melg̟ʲ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मर्जति marjati⇩
“clean, wipe” |
Proto-Germanic *meluk⇩
|
|
*h₂melǵ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἀμέλγω amelgo⇩
|
mind⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*mn-ti‑⇩, a form of⇩
*men‑⇩, which
|
developed into⇩
|
Bengali মানা mana⇩
“accept, obey” |
mingle⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*monk‑⇩, a form of⇩
*menk‑⇩, which
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian mek⇩
“soft” |
Proto-Germanic *mang⇩
|
|
*menk‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian آمیختن amekhtan⇩
“mix, mingle, blend, couple” |
|
|
*menk‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मचते machate⇩
“be arrogant” |
mirth⇩
(see “merry”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*mr̥ǵʰ-u‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मुहु muhu⇩
“short” |
mist⇩
= Anglo-Saxon mist
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃migʰ- [ŏmigʱ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian مه meh⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *mikst‑⇩
|
|
*h₃migʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit मेघ megha⇩
|
|
|
The suffixed form *h₃migʰ‑leh₂⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Modern Greek ομίχλη omikhli⇩
|
|
|
*h₃migʰ‑leh₂⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Siraiki mẽghla⇩
|
month⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*méh₁-not [me:not]⇩
|
|
|
moon⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*méh₁-nos [me:nos]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian, Balochi and Urdu ماه mah⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *mēnan⇩
|
|
*méh₁nos [me:nos]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin mensis⇩
|
morn⇩
(see “tomorrow”)
Proto-West Germanic * murgan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*mr̥k [mr̩k]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian and Slovenian mrak⇩
“dark, dusk” |
morrow⇩
(see “tomorrow”) |
is also from⇩
|
*mr̥k [mr̩k]⇩ |
|
|
moss⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*meus‑a-⇩. A related form⇩
*mus-o‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian мох mokh⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon meos ≈ PIE *meus |
|
*mus-o‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian mahovina⇩
|
moth⇩
(see “maggot”)
≈ Anglo-Saxon moþþ-
|
comes from⇩
|
*mot‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Belarusian мотыль matil⇩
“butterfly” |
Proto-Germanic *muþþ‑⇩
|
|
*mot‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian ملخ malakh⇩
“locust, grasshopper” |
mother⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*meh₂tḗr [ma:té:r]⇩,
earlier [meħté:r]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian مادر modar⇩
|
mo(u)ld⇩
(see “meal”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ml̥h₂-téh₂ [ml̩:teħ]⇩,
a form of *melh₂‑⇩,
which
|
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek μέλας melas⇩
“black” (cf. melanoma)
|
Proto-Germanic *muldo⇩
|
|
The derived form *ml̥h₂-tó‑⇩ |
developed into⇩ |
Sanskrit and Hindi मृदा mrda⇩
“soil, clay” |
|
|
*ml̥h₂-téh₂ [ml̩:teħ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek μάλθα malta⇩
“a soft mixture of wax and pitch” |
mourn⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic murnan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*mer⇩, *smer⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्मरति smarati⇩
“remember” |
|
|
*smer⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian شمردن shemordan⇩
“to count” |
mouse⇩
(see “mice”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic mūs
≈ PIE *muh₁s
|
comes from⇩
|
*muh₁s‑
[mu:s]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian موش mush⇩
|
much⇩,
Scots mickle⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*meǵh₂- [megɐ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Northern Kurdish mazin⇩ |
Proto-Germanic *mekil-⇩
|
|
*meǵh₂- [megɐ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek μέγας megas⇩
|
murder⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*mŕ̥-to- [mr̩to]⇩,
a form of⇩
*mer‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian مردن mordan⇩
“to die” |
nail⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃nog(ʷ)ʰ- [ŏ̥nogʷʱ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian ناخن nakhon⇩,
borrowed into⇩
Urdu ناخن nakhun⇩
|
Proto-West Germanic *nagl⇩
|
|
*h₃nog(ʷ)ʰ- [ŏ̥nogʷʱ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ὄνυξ onuks⇩,
Modern Greek νύχι nishi⇩
|
name⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃nh̥₃men [ŏ̥nómen]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian نام naam⇩,
borrowed into⇩
Urdu نام naam⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *namō⇩
|
|
*h₃nh̥₃men [ŏ̥nómen]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Modern Greek όνομα onoma⇩
|
narrow⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ner [neɾ̥]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit नृत्य nrtya⇩
“dance” |
navel⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃nobʰ-l-on- [onóbʰlon]⇩.
*h₃nobʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit नभ्य nabhya⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *nabla-⇩
|
|
*h₃nobʰ‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian ناف naf⇩
|
|
|
*h₃nobʰ-l-on- [onóbʰlon]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Modern Greek ομφαλός omfalos⇩
|
nest⇩
(see “sit”)
= Anglo-Saxon nest
|
comes from⇩
|
*ni-sd-o [nizdo]⇩,
a form of *sed‑⇩,
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit नीड niida⇩,
that developed into⇩
Hindi नीड़ niir⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *nista‑⇩
|
|
*ni-sd-o [nizdo]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Pashto ناست nast⇩
“seated, sitting” |
|
|
*ni-sd-o [nizdo]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian gnijezdo⇩ |
new⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*neu-io‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Urdu نیا nea⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *neuja- ≈ PIE
*neu-io‑⇩ |
|
*neu-io‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian نو no⇩,
and نوروز nowruz⇩
“new light” (New Year's Day). See “light”. |
night⇩,
Scots nicht⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*nokʷt‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit नक्तम् naktam⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *naht‑⇩
|
|
*nokʷt-s⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian naktis⇩
|
nine⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁néun [e̥néun]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian نُه noh⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *neun⇩
|
|
*h₁néun⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient and Modern Greek εννέα ennéa⇩
|
|
|
*h₁néun ⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Armenian ինը ina⇩
|
nit⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱh₃nid‑
[kɵníd]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Armenian անիծ anits⇩
|
= Proto-Germanic *hnit- |
|
*ḱh₃nid‑ [kɵníd]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Modern Greek κόνιδα konitha⇩
|
nose⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*nh̥₂-s-eh₂‑
[nɐ̥sɐ̥:]⇩
|
continued almost unchanged into ⇩ |
Punjabi ਨਾਸ naas⇩
“nostril”
|
nostril⇩
(see “thirl”)
|
is also from⇩
|
*nh̥₂-s‑ [nɐs]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Hindi नाक naak⇩
|
|
|
*nh̥₂-s‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Romani nak⇩
|
now⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic nū⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*nu⇩
|
continued almost unchanged into ⇩ |
Sanskrit नु nu⇩
|
off⇩
(see “after”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂ep-ó [apó]⇩,
earlier [ħapó]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अप apa⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *aba⇩
|
|
*h₂ep-ó [apó]⇩ |
continued almost unchanged into |
Modern Greek απο apo⇩
|
one⇩
(see “a”, “an”, “any”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁oi-no-s [oinos]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Albanian një⇩
|
|
|
The variant form *h₁ói-kos [hoikos]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Mittanian aika⇩,
borrowed into Hurrian 𒀀𒄿𒅗 aika⇩
|
|
|
*h₁ói-kos [hoikos]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Assamese এক ek⇩
|
|
|
*h₁ói-kos [hoikos]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Nepali एक ek⇩
|
|
|
The variant form *h₁ói-wos [hoiwos]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Pashto یو yau⇩
|
|
|
*h₁ói-wos [hoiwos]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek οἶος hoios⇩
“only” |
ore⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂éi-es- [ħʌĭes]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अयस् ayas⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *aiza⇩
|
|
*h₂éi-es- [ħʌĭes]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Latin aes⇩
|
other⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂entero- [anteɾo]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अन्तर antara⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *anþera‑⇩
|
|
*h₂entero‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian antra⇩
“second” |
|
|
*h₂entero‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latvian Otrdiena⇩
“Tuesday” i.e. “second day” |
|
|
Via a variant form *h₂eltero‑⇩,
*h₂entero‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin alter⇩
|
otter⇩
(see “water”, “wet”)
= Anglo-Saxon otor
|
comes from⇩
|
*ud-r-o‑⇩ (the stem of which, *ud‑⇩, is derived from⇩
*wed‑⇩)
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit उद्र udra⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *utra⇩
|
|
*ud-r-o‑⇩ |
developed (almost identically) into
⇩ |
Lithuanian udra⇩
|
out⇩,
Scots oot⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic * ūt⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ūd⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Classical Persian prefix ز- zu‑⇩ |
oven⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂up-no,
from *h₂ukʷ- [ħukʷ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit उखा ukha⇩
|
over⇩
(see “up”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁uper- [hʉpeɾ]⇩
Comparative of *h₁upo “up”, from earlier⇩
*supo⇩. |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit उपरि upari⇩
|
|
|
*supo⇩ |
also developed into the comparative⇩ |
Latin super⇩ |
|
|
*h₁uper‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian ابر abar⇩
|
|
|
*h₁uper‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Balochi اور awur⇩
|
owe⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*(h₂e-)h₂oik- [ɐħɑik̟ʲ]⇩.
The related form *h₂e-h₂iḱ- [ɐħik̟ʲ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit ईष्टे ishte⇩
“own” |
own⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*(h₂e-)h₂oik- [ɐħɑik̟ʲ]⇩. |
|
|
ox⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁uksen [ɦuksɘn]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit उक्षन् ukshan⇩
|
Northern English
= Anglo-Saxon pæþ
|
comes from⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *paþa⇩
|
a loan from |
Iranian *patha⇩
|
The Iranian source of Proto-Germanic *paþa⇩ |
comes from⇩
|
*pont-eh₁-s [ponte:s]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Vedic Sanskrit पन्थासो panthaso⇩
“path”, borrowed into⇩
Bengali পন্থা pontha⇩
|
queen⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷen‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit ग्ना gnaa⇩
“goddess” |
= Proto-Germanic *kwen-
|
|
*gʷen‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Pashto جنۍ jinay⇩
“girl” |
|
|
*gʷen‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi جن jan⇩
“woman” |
|
|
*gʷen‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian žena⇩
“woman” |
|
|
*gʷen‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian زن zan⇩
“woman” |
quell⇩
(see “kill”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷelh₁- [gwele̥]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian įgelti⇩ “to sting”. See
“kill” for more cognates. |
quern⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷerh₂-nu-
[gwerən—]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian گران geran⇩
“expensive” (archaic: “heavy”) |
≈ Proto-Germanic *kwern-
|
|
*gʷerh₂-nu-⇩ |
further developed into⇩
|
Balochi گران graan⇩
“heavy” |
|
|
*gʷerh₂‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Punjabi ਗੁਰ gur⇩
“guru”, as in ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ gurdwara⇩
= gur+dwara “gateway to the gurus”; see “door”. |
|
|
*gʷerh₂‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Pashto ګور gurh⇩
“grave, tomb” |
|
|
*gʷerh₂‑⇩
(via variant form *gʷéh₂r-us
[gwɐ:rus]⇩) |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek βάρος baros⇩
“weight” |
|
|
*gʷerh₂‑⇩
(via variant form *gʷréh₂-us [gʷrɐ:us]⇩)
|
developed into⇩
|
Latin gravis⇩
“heavy” |
|
|
*gʷréh₂⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Scottish Gaelic brà⇩
“quern” |
quick⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷi-gʷh₃-(u)ó‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian جیوه jiive⇩
“quicksilver, mercury” |
≈ Proto-Germanic *kwikwa- |
|
*gʷi-gʷh₃-(u)ó‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian gyvo⇩
“alive” |
|
|
Variant form *gʷiéh₃-uo‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Modern Greek ζώο zowo⇩
“animal” |
|
|
Variant form *gʷih₃-uo⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek βίος bios⇩
“life” |
|
|
*gʷih₃-uo⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Latin vivo⇩
“I live” |
quoth⇩
(see “bequeath”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷet‑⇩. Probably related to *gʷed‑⇩, which
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit गदति gadati⇩“to
speak” |
raw⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*krouh₂- [kɾoʊħḁ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian кров krov⇩
“blood” |
|
|
Variant form *kruh₂- [kɾʊħḁ]⇩ |
developed into⇩ |
Persian خون khun⇩
“blood” |
|
|
*kruh₂- [kɾʊħḁ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Northern Kurdish xwîn khwin⇩
“blood” |
|
|
Variant form *kreuh₂- [kɾeʊħ]⇩ |
developed into⇩ |
Sanskrit क्रविस् kravis⇩
“raw flesh” |
|
|
*kreuh₂- [kɾeʊħ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek κρέας kreas⇩
“flesh” |
reach⇩
(see “reckon, right”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃rēǵ‑⇩ [ŏre:g̟ʲ] “to straighten, direct” |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ὀρέγω orego⇩
“I reach out” |
reck(-less)⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂roh₁(ǵ )-eh₂- [ɐ̥ɾo:gɐ:]⇩
“care” |
developed into⇩
|
Doric Greek ἀρωγά aroga⇩,
Classical Greek ἀρωγή aroge⇩
“aid”, related to ἀρήγω arego “I help”
|
reckon⇩
(see “reach, right”)
|
may also come from⇩
|
*h₂roh₁(ǵ )-eh₂- [ɐ̥ro:gɐ:]⇩.
Possibly from *h₃rēǵ‑⇩
[ŏre:g̟ʲ]
“to straighten, direct”, according to Beekes, which
|
developed into⇩
|
Ancient
Greek ὀρέγω orego⇩
“I reach out” |
red⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁roudʰ- [hɾoʊdʱ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit रुधिर rudhira⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *raud⇩
|
|
*h₁roudʰ- [hɾoʊdʱ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἐρυθρός eruthrós⇩
|
|
|
Variant form *h₁reudʰ- [hɾəʊdʱ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latvian [h]ruds⇩ |
reek⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁reug- [ɘ̥ɻɛʊg]⇩
“belch”
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian اروغ arog⇩
“belch” |
≈ Proto-Germanic *reukan |
|
*h₁reug- [ɘ̥ɻɛʊg]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἐρεύγομαι ereúgomai⇩
“belch, vomit” |
|
|
*h₁reug- [ɘ̥ɻɛʊg]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian raugėti⇩
“belch” |
rib⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁rebʰ- [hrebʱ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian rebro⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *rebja⇩
|
|
*h₁rebʰ- [hrebʱ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἐρέφω erepho⇩
“roof” |
right⇩
(see “reach, “reckon”)
Scots richt =
Anglo-Saxon riht⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₃reǵ-to- [ŏregtʰo]⇩.
The related form *h₃rēǵ-h₃ón‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit राजन् raajan⇩,
राजा raja⇩
“king, ruler” |
Proto-Germanic *rehta⇩
|
|
*h₃rēǵ‑⇩
“to direct” |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian راست rast⇩
“straight, right” |
root⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*urd-i‑⇩. The related form⇩
*ured‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian ریشه risheh⇩
|
rush⇩
(reed)
|
comes from⇩
|
*resg [rezg]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit रज्जु rajju⇩
“rope” |
salt⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*sh₂-l-os [salos]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian so⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *salt‑⇩
|
|
*seh₂l-s⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Latvian sāls⇩
|
|
|
*seh₂l-s⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἅλς hals⇩
|
salve⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*solp‑⇩. The related form⇩
*selp‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ossetian царв tsarv⇩
“clarified butter” |
same⇩
(US Female)
(see “some”) |
comes from⇩
|
*somh₁-o- [somo]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian هم ham⇩
“also” |
same
⇩ (UK Male)
|
from⇩
|
*somh₁-o- [somo]⇩ |
|
|
sang⇩
(see “sing”, “song”)
= Anglo-Saxon sang
|
comes from⇩
|
*songʷʰ‑o-⇩, derived from⇩
*sengʷʰ‑e-⇩ “sing, intone” |
developed into⇩
|
Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 sanghai⇩
“to narrate” |
sat⇩
(see “sit”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*sod‑⇩, derived from⇩
*sed‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit सीदति sidati⇩
|
say⇩
Anglo-Saxon sæġe⇩, secgan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*sokʷ-eie⇩. The related form⇩
*sekʷ‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian sakyti⇩ |
Proto-Germanic *sagjan⇩
|
|
(Possibly an unrelated) *sekʷ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩ |
Sanskrit सच् sach-⇩
“be associated with, seek” |
sear, sere⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂sous- [ɑ̥sous]⇩,
[ħ̩sous]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian خشک hoshk⇩
“dry” |
Proto-Germanic *sauza⇩
|
|
*h₂sous- [ɑ̥sous]⇩,
[ħ̩sous]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latvian sauss⇩
“dry” |
|
|
*h₂sous- [ɑ̥sous]⇩,
[ħ̩sous]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian sausas⇩
“dry” |
seat⇩
(see “sit”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*se:d-i‑⇩, a form of⇩
*sed‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit सीदति sidati⇩
|
seed⇩ (see “sow”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*seh₁-to- [se:to]⇩.
The stem *seh₁- [se:]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian sijati siyati⇩
“to sow” |
Anglo-Saxon sæ̅d⇩
|
|
The derived form *seh₁-mn [se:mn̩]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Latin semen⇩
“seed” |
|
|
*seh₁-mn [se:mn̩]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἧμᾰ hema⇩
|
sell⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*solh₁-éie‑
[soleiə]⇩. The related form⇩
*sl̥h₁‑
[sl̩:]⇩ |
(perhaps) developed into⇩
|
Bosnian,
Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian slati⇩
“to send” |
Proto-Germanic *saljan⇩
|
|
The related form *selh₁‑ [selɘ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἑλεῖν helein⇩
|
set⇩
(see “nest”, “sit”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*sed‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit सीदति sidati⇩
|
seven⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*septm⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Latin septem⇩ |
Proto-Germanic *sebun [sebm̩]⇩
|
|
*septm⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Latvian septiņi⇩ |
|
|
*septm⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Sanskrit सप्तन् saptan⇩ |
|
|
*septm⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Pashto هفته hapta “week” |
|
|
*septm⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian هفت haft⇩
|
sew⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*syuh₁- [sĭu:]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit सीव्यति sivyati⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *siu‑⇩
|
|
*syuh₁- [sĭu:]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Urdu سینا siina⇩
|
|
|
*syuh₁- [sĭu:]⇩ |
continues almost unchanged in |
Lithuanian siūti⇩
|
shear⇩
(see “harrow”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*s-ker‑⇩. The derived form⇩
*ker-mn⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian چرم charm⇩
“leather” |
shoot⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*s-keud‑⇩. The derived form⇩
*skud-to-s⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian چست chost ⇩
“quick” |
Proto-Germanic *skeutan⇩
|
|
The root *keud‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian kidati⇩
“to tear/break” |
|
|
*keud‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Albanian hedh⇩
“throw” |
shove⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*s-keubʰ‑⇩. The variant form⇩
*ks(e)ubʰ‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian آشوب aashub⇩
“chaos” |
show⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*s-keuh₁- [skouˑ]⇩.
The derived form *kouh₁-is [ko:his]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Marathi कवि kavi⇩
“poet” |
Proto-Germanic *skawwan⇩
|
|
*kouh₁‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek κοέω koeo⇩
“be aware of” |
sing⇩
(see “sang”, “song”)
≈ Proto-Germanic *singwan
|
comes from⇩
|
*sengʷʰ‑e-⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 sanghai⇩
“narrate” |
sister⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*swesor‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्वसृ svasr⇩
|
≈ Proto-Germanic *swester |
|
*swesor‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian خواهر khohar⇩
|
sit⇩
(see “set”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*sed‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit सीदति sidati⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *sitjan⇩
|
|
*sed‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian sėdėti⇩
|
|
|
*sed‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian sjedi⇩
|
six⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*sweḱs⇩.
An earlier form * ḱsweḱs⇩
|
developed into⇩ |
Iron Ossetian æхсæз akhshazh⇩ |
Proto-Germanic *sehs⇩
|
|
*ḱsweḱs⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Pashto شپږ shpag⇩,
southern dialect shpazh⇩ |
|
|
*sweḱs⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian شش shesh⇩,
shish⇩
|
small⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*smol‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian malo⇩
|
smile⇩
(Modern Norwegian smil)
|
comes from⇩
|
*smei‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्मयते smayate⇩
|
smirk⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*smei‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian smejati⇩
|
smoke⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*smeugh-e [smoʊg̟ʱe]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian smáugti⇩“choke”
|
≈ Proto-Germanic *smeukan |
|
*smeugh-e [smoʊg̟ʱe]⇩ |
developed into⇩ |
Armenian մուխ mukh⇩ |
snow⇩,
Scots snaw⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*snéigʷʰ-⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्नेह sneha⇩
“moisture, oiliness” |
Proto-Germanic *snaiwa⇩
|
|
|
|
Punjabi ਸਿੱਨ੍ਹਨਾ or ਸਿੱਨ੍ਹਣਾ sinnhna,“to be wet” (no
recording available) |
|
|
*snéigʷʰ-⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian sniegas⇩
|
some⇩
(see “same”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*smh₁-o- [sm̩:o]⇩,
a form of⇩
*somh₁-o- [somo]⇩,
which |
developed into⇩
|
Persian هم ham⇩
“also” |
son⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic sunu⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*suh₁-nus [su:nus]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit सूनु sunu⇩
|
|
|
*suh₁-nus [su:nus]⇩ |
continued almost unchanged into ⇩ |
Lithuanian sūnus⇩
|
song⇩
(see “sang”, “sing”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*songʷʰ‑o-⇩, derived from⇩
*sengʷʰ‑e-⇩ “sing, intone” |
developed into⇩
|
Prakrit 𑀲𑀁𑀖𑀇 sanghai⇩
“to narrate” |
soot⇩
(see “sit”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic sōt⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*so:d-o‑⇩, a derived form of *sed‑⇩. *so:d-o-⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian сажа sazha⇩
|
sore⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*sh₂ei-ro- [sɐiro]⇩,
a form of *sh₂ei- [sɐi]⇩
“afflict, bind” |
developed into⇩
|
Ossetian хид khid⇩
“bridge” |
sorry⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*sh₂ei-ro- [sairo]⇩.
*sh₂ei- [sai]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latvian saiklis⇩
“string, band, connection” |
sorrow⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*surgʰ-eh₂- [surgʱa:]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit सूर्क्षति surkshati⇩
“worry” |
Proto-Germanic *surgō⇩
|
|
*surgʰ-eh₂- [surgʱa:]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Archaic Bulgarian срага sraga⇩
|
sour⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*súh₁-ro- [su:ro]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Siraiki شور shor⇩,
Persian شور shur⇩
“salty” |
Proto-Germanic *sūra⇩
|
|
*súh₁-ro- [su:ro]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian sūris⇩
“cheese” |
|
|
*súh₁-ro- [su:ro]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian sir⇩
“cheese” |
sow⇩
(see “swine”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic sū⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*suh₁‑⇩. The derived form⇩
*suh₁-kas⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Balochi ہوک huuk⇩
“pig” |
|
|
*suh₁‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ὗς hüs⇩
|
|
|
*suh₁‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Latin sus⇩
|
to sow⇩
(see “seed”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*seh₁- [se:]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Slovenian sejati seyati⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *sē- = PIE *seh₁‑⇩ |
|
*seh₁‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian sijati siyati⇩
|
spare⇩
(extra, excess)
|
comes from⇩
|
*sph̥₁-ro- [spero]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्फिर sphira⇩
“fat, thick” |
(= Old Norse and Icelandic spara⇩)
|
|
The full form *speh₁-ro- [spe:ro]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek σπαρνός sparnós⇩,
Modern Greek σπανός spanós⇩
|
|
|
*speh₁-ro- [spe:ro]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin spēs⇩
“hope” |
spark⇩
(see “spring”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*s-pérgʰ- [spɘrgʱ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Pashto سپرغۍ sparghay⇩
|
(= Old Norse and Icelandic sparka⇩)
|
|
The related form *pérgʰ- [pɘrgʱ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit पर्जन्य Parjanya “(god of) rainfall”, Marathi Parzhanya⇩ |
Icelandic Fjörgynn⇩,
a thunder god
|
is also from⇩
|
*pérǵʰ- [pɘrgʱ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian Perkūnas⇩ “(god of) thunder” |
spell⇩
= Proto-Germanic *spell(a)
|
comes from⇩
|
*spel-o‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Armenian առասպել arraspel⇩
“myth, legend” |
spew⇩,
Scots spew⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic spiwan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*spti̯eu̯h₁- [sptju:]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian تف tuf⇩
“spit” |
|
|
*spti̯eu̯h₁- [sptju:]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek πτύω ptuo⇩
“spit out” |
spring⇩
(see “spark”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic springan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*spré-n-gʰ-e‑⇩, derived from⇩
*sprégʰ‑⇩, a variant of⇩
*s-pérgʰ- [spɘrgʱ]⇩.
Another variant⇩,
*s-pr̥gʰ‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्फूर्ज sphurja⇩
“be eager, strive after, desire” |
|
|
*s-pr̥gʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Pashto sprazh⇩
“blossom” |
|
|
*s-pr̥gʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Polish sprężyna⇩
“a (coil) spring” |
staff⇩
(see “stand”)
Northern UK pronunciation =
Anglo-Saxon stæf⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*sth₂-bʰo- [stɐbʰo]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian ستبر setabr⇩
“thick, stout” |
Proto-Germanic *staba⇩
|
|
*sth₂-bʰo- [stɐbʰo]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian stãbas⇩
“pole, idol” |
|
|
*sth₂-bʰo- [stɐbʰo]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bulgarian стобор stobor⇩
“picket fence, paling”
|
stair⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*stéiǵʰ-e‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्तिघ्नोति stighnoti⇩
“step up” |
Proto-Germanic *steigr-⇩
|
|
*stéiǵʰ-e‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian стигнути stizhnuti⇩
|
|
|
*stéiǵʰ-e‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian dostignuti⇩
“catch up” |
|
|
*stéiǵʰ-e‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Albanian shteg⇩
“path” |
stake⇩
(see “thatch”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*s-teg‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्थगति sthagati⇩
“to cover” |
Proto-Germanic *stako⇩
|
|
*s-teg‑⇩ |
further developed into⇩
|
Punjabi ਠੱਗ thag⇩
“rogue, cheat”. Borrowed into English⇩
as thug⇩. |
stall⇩
(see “stand”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*sth₂-dʰlo- [stʰɐdʱlo]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Hindi स्थल sthal⇩
“floor, platform, hill” |
stand⇩
(see “staff”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic standan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*sth₂-énti [stʰɐnti]⇩,
derived from⇩
*steh₂‑
[steɐħ]⇩, which
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian ایستادن istaadan⇩
“stand up” |
|
|
*sth₂-énti [stʰɐnti]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian стати stati⇩
“become” |
star⇩
(see “ash”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂s-tér-on- [ɐstéron]⇩,
derived from⇩
*h₂stér [ħstér]⇩,
which |
developed into⇩
|
Balochi اِستار istar⇩
|
Proto-West Germanic *sterro⇩
|
|
*h₂stér⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Northern Kurdish astira⇩
|
|
|
*h₂stér⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian ستاره sitare⇩ |
|
|
*h₂stér⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Pashto ستوری storay⇩
|
|
|
*h₂stér⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ἀστήρ aster⇩
|
|
|
*h₂stér⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Armenian աստղ astr⇩
|
stead⇩
(see “stall”, “stand”) |
comes from⇩
|
*sth₂-ti-⇩, derived from *stéh₂-ti-⇩,
which
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्थिति sthiti⇩
“standing, residence, situation” |
= Anglo-Saxon stede
Proto-Germanic *stadi⇩
|
|
*stéh₂-ti-⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek στάσις stasis⇩
“standing, place, condition” |
steer⇩
(see “stall”, “stand”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*stéh₂-ur [stɐ:r]⇩,
earlier⇩
[steħʊr]⇩ (from *stéh₂‑⇩)
~ *sth₂-ur⇩ “pole” |
developed into⇩
|
Persian ستون sutuun⇩
“column” |
summer⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*semh₁- [sɘmħɐ̥]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit समा samaa⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *sumar-⇩
|
|
*semh₁- [sɘmħɐ̥]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Armenian ամառ amar⇩
|
sun⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*séh₂un‑
[sɑ:ʊɵn]⇩, a variant of⇩
*séh₂ul‑
[sɐ:ʊɫ]⇩. The derived form⇩
*sóh₂wl̩
[sɒ:ʊɫ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्वर् svar⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *sunnon⇩
|
|
*sóh₂wl̩⇩
|
further developed into⇩
|
Urdu سورج suraj⇩
|
|
|
*sóh₂wl̩⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian خور khor⇩
“sunrise, east”, as in the place-name خراسان Khorasan⇩
“Eastern Province” |
swan⇩
US English, Anglo-Saxon, and
Proto-Germanic swan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*swenh₂ [swenɐ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ossetian хонын khonin⇩
“to call” |
swear⇩
(see “answer”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*s-wór- [swor]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्वर svara⇩
“voice, sound, vowel” |
Proto-Germanic *swar‑⇩
|
|
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian свари́ти swariti⇩
“argue, berate” |
sweat⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*swoid‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्वेदते sveedate⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *swait‑⇩
|
|
*swoid‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi ہید hed⇩
|
|
|
*swoid‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Iron Ossetian хид khid⇩
|
sweet⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*sweh₂d-u-s [swɐ:dus]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्वादु swaadu⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *swōt‑⇩
|
|
*sweh₂d-u-s [swɐ:dus]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi واد waad⇩
“salt” |
|
|
*sweh₂d-u-s [swɐ:dus]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin suavis⇩,
borrowed into English as suave |
swine⇩
(see “sow”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*suh₁-īno- [su:hi:no]⇩,
derived from⇩
*suh₁‑⇩. Another derived form⇩,
*suh₁-kas⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Balochi ہوک huuk⇩
“pig” |
Proto-Germanic *swīną⇩
|
|
*suh₁-kas⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian خوک khuuch⇩
|
tame⇩
(see “timber”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic tām⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dem‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian دام dam⇩
“livestock” |
|
|
*dem‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit दाम्यति damyati⇩
“to tame” |
to tear⇩
= Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic ter-
|
comes from⇩
|
*derh₁‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian دریدن daridan⇩
“tear, ravage” |
|
|
*derh₁‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi دِر dir⇩
|
|
|
*derh₁‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian dìrti⇩
|
teeth⇩
(see “eat, tooth”)
from earlier *[ tœ:θi] ⇩,
plural of tōþ⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁d‑ónt-⇩ “eater” (Ringe)
or *h₃d-ónt- (Kroonen) [ɵ̥dont]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ὀδόντος odontos⇩
More under “tooth”, below. |
tell⇩
(count)
|
comes from⇩
|
*dolh₁‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Armenian տող togh⇩
“a line, row” |
ten⇩
(see “hundred”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*déḱm̩‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Proto-Indo-Aryan and Sanskrit दश dasha⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *tehun⇩ |
|
*déḱm̩‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Iron Ossetian dash⇩
|
|
|
*déḱm̩‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Digor Ossetian дæс das⇩
and Urdu دس das⇩
|
|
|
*déḱm̩‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Pashto لس las⇩
|
|
|
*déḱm̩‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Old Persian *daθa datha⇩
|
|
|
*déḱm̩‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi دہ dah⇩
and Persian ده dah⇩
|
|
|
The suffixed form *déḱm̩-t‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian dešimt⇩
|
|
|
*déḱm̩-t‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian deset⇩
|
that⇩
(see “there”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*to-d⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit तद् tad⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *þat⇩ |
|
*to-d⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian tas⇩ |
|
|
*to-d⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Latin istud⇩ |
thatch⇩
(see “stake”)
Anglo-Saxon þæc
|
comes from⇩
|
*teg‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Latin toga⇩
“toga, covering” |
Proto-Germanic *þaka⇩ |
|
The related form *s-teg‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit स्थगति sthagati⇩
“to cover” |
|
|
*s-teg‑⇩
|
continued almost unchanged into ⇩ |
Ancient Greek στέγος stegos⇩
“roof” |
|
|
*s-teg‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Polish stóg⇩
“roof” |
|
|
*s-teg‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian стіг stigh⇩
“haystack” |
thee⇩
(see “thou”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*te-ge⇩,
derived from⇩
*tu-ǵe⇩, derived from⇩
*tuh₂ [tuɐħ]⇩. The inflected form
*tuh₂-om [tuaom]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit त्वम् twam⇩
|
|
|
*tuh₂ [tuɐħ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Pashto تا tah⇩ |
there⇩
(see “that”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*to-r⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Marathi तर tar⇩
“so” |
Proto-Germanic *þar⇩
|
|
*to-r⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit तर्हि tarhi⇩
“then” |
|
|
*to-r⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Nepali तर tara⇩
“but” |
thin⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*tn̥h₂‑u-⇩ [tn̩:u]. Inflected form
*tn̥h₂-u‑kos⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian تنک tunuk⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *þunnu‑⇩
|
|
*tn̥h₂-u‑kos⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi تنک tanak⇩
|
|
|
*tn̥h₂-u‑kos⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian tanak⇩
|
|
|
*tn̥h₂-u‑kos⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bulgarian тънък tuhnuhk⇩ |
third⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*tri-tih₁o- [triti:o]⇩,
from earlier⇩
[triti:ho]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit तृतीय trtiya⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *þridja‑⇩
|
|
*tri-tih₁o- [triti:o]⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian treći⇩
|
thirl⇩
(see “nostril, through”)
|
comes from⇩ |
*terh₂-kʷe [terɐ̥kwe]⇩,
from⇩
*terh₂‑⇩. The derived form⇩
*tr̥h₂- [tr̩ħa]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit तिरस् tiras⇩ |
nos tril⇩
i.e. “nose-thirl”
|
is also from⇩ |
*terh₂-kʷe [terɐ̥kwe]⇩.
|
|
|
thirst⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic þurst⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*tr̥s-tu⇩.
A different inflected form, *tr̥s-no‑⇩,
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian تشنگی teshne⇩
“thirsty” |
|
|
*tr̥s-no‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi تُنَّگ tunnag⇩
“frog, thirsty one” |
thistle⇩
= Anglo-Saxon þisl
|
comes from⇩
|
*teig⇩
|
continued almost unchanged into |
Balochi teg⇩
“sharp” |
Proto-Germanic *þistil⇩,
from *þīh‑⇩
|
|
*teig⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian تیز tiiz⇩,
borrowed into Urdu تیز tiiz⇩
|
thorn⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*tr̥no
[tr̩nõ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit तृण trnam⇩
|
≈ Proto-Germanic *þurn- |
|
*tr̥no⇩
|
further developed into⇩
|
Bengali তৃণ trino⇩
|
|
|
*tr̥no⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian trn⇩
|
thorough⇩ (see “thirl,
through”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*terh₂-kʷe [terɐ̥kwe]⇩,
from⇩
*terh₂‑⇩. The derived form⇩
*tr̥h₂- [tr̩ħa]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit तिरस् tiras⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon þurh⇩
Proto-Germanic *þerhwe⇩
|
|
*tr̥h₂- [tr̩ħḁ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian trajati⇩
“to continue” |
thou⇩
(see “thee”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*tuh₂ [tuɐ]⇩, from earlier⇩
[tuɐ̥]⇩, [tuħ] |
developed into⇩
|
Persian تو tu⇩,
Tajik ту tu⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *þū⇩ |
|
*tuh₂ [tuɐ]⇩ |
further developed into⇩ |
Pashto تهء te⇩ |
|
|
*tuh₂ [tuɐ]⇩ |
further developed into⇩
|
Balochi تئو tau⇩
|
|
|
*tuh₂ [tuɐ]⇩ |
further developed into⇩
|
Digor Ossetian du⇩,
Iron Ossetian ды de⇩
|
thousand⇩ (see “hundred”)
Allendale, Northumberland (1960's
SED) thoosan⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*tuh₂s-dḱm̥-t [tuɐs͡d̥kʲm̩t]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian tūkstantis⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *þūs-(h)und-⇩
|
|
The related form⇩
*tuh₂s-ont- [tuɐsɵnt]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Croatian tisuća⇩
|
three⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*trei‑⇩. The masculine nominative form⇩
*trei-es⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit त्रयस् trayas⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *þrī‑⇩
|
|
*trei‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit त्रि tri⇩
|
|
|
*trei‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Romani trin⇩
|
|
|
*trei‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Sindhi ٽي te⇩
|
|
|
*trei‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi سے se⇩
|
through⇩
(see “thorough, thirl”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*terh₂-kʷe [terɐ̥kwe]⇩,
from⇩
*terh₂‑⇩. The derived form⇩
*tr̥h₂- [tr̩ħa]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit तिरस् tiras⇩ |
Proto-Germanic *þerhwe⇩
|
|
*tr̥h₂-nts, suffixed form of *tr̥h₂ [tr̩ħa]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Latin trans⇩
|
thunder⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*tenh₂‑
[tenɐ̥]⇩
|
developed into⇩ |
Pashto تندر tandar⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *þunra‑⇩
|
|
*tenh₂‑ [tenɐ̥]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Persian تندر tondar⇩
“thunder, roar” |
|
|
Prefixed form *s-tenh₂‑ [stenɐ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Ancient and Modern Greek στενάζω stenazo⇩
“groan” |
tide⇩
(see “time”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic tīd⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dh₂i-tí- [dɐití]⇩,
a form of *dh₂i- [dɐi]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Albanian ditë⇩
“day”
|
timber⇩
(see “tame”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*dem‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit दम dama⇩
“house” |
Proto-Germanic *timri‑⇩
|
|
*dem‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian dom⇩
“home” |
time⇩
(see “tide”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*dh₂i-mon
[dɐimon]⇩, a form of *dh₂i- [dɐi]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Kurdish dem⇩
|
to⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*do⇩
|
developed into⇩ |
Pashto ل la⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic to⇩ |
|
*do⇩
|
is the same as |
Bosnian do⇩ |
tomorrow⇩
(see “morn”, “morrow”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*mrk [mr̩:k]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, Serbian, and Slovenian mrak⇩
“dark, dusk” |
tongue [tʌŋ]⇩ (US and Southern UK
pronunciation) |
comes from⇩
|
*dnǵweh₂ [dn̩g̟ʲwɐħ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit जिह्वा jihvaa⇩
|
tongue [tɒŋ]⇩
(Midlands and Northern UK pronunciation) |
comes from⇩
|
*dnǵweh₂ [dn̩g̟ʲwɐħ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Romani chib⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon tunge⇩
= Proto-Germanic *tung-
|
|
*dnǵweh₂ [dn̩g̟ʲwɐħ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Pashto ژبه zhaba⇩
|
|
|
*dnǵweh₂ [dn̩g̟ʲwɐħ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Latin lingua⇩
|
tooth⇩
(see “eat, teeth”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁d‑ónt-⇩ “eater” (Ringe)
or *h₃d-ónt- (Kroonen) [ɵ̥dont]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ὀδόντος odontos⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon tōþ⇩
Proto-Germanic *tanþ⇩
|
|
*h₁dónt‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Lithuanian dantu⇩
|
|
|
*h₁dónt‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit दन्त danta⇩
|
|
|
*h₁dónt‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Siraiki dand⇩
|
|
|
*h₁dónt‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Romani dan⇩
|
tree⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*drew
[drəʊ]⇩, a variant of⇩
*doru⇩, which
|
developed into⇩
|
Balochi دار daar⇩
“wood” |
≈ Proto-Germanic *trew- |
|
*doru⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Sanskrit दारु daaru⇩ |
|
|
*doru⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Irish doire⇩
“oak wood, Derry” |
true⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*drew
[drəʊ]⇩ |
|
|
two⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*dwóh₁‑
[dwoh]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Pashto دوه duwa⇩
(slow, careful pronunciation) |
= Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic twā
|
|
*dwóh₁‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi دو doo⇩,
Urdu دو doo⇩
|
|
|
*dwóh₁‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Romani dui⇩
|
under⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic under⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ndʰér
[n̩dʱér]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit अधर adhara⇩
|
|
|
*ndʰér [n̩dʱér]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Latin infernus⇩ |
up⇩
(see “over”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁upo
[hupo]⇩,
from earlier⇩
*supo⇩. *h₁upo⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit उप upa⇩,
which further developed into⇩
Urdu اوپر uper⇩
|
wain⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*woǵʰ‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit वह्नि vahni⇩
“team of draft animals” |
wag(g)on⇩
Middle Dutch loan, from
Proto-Germanic * wagna⇩
|
is also from⇩
|
*woǵʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian voz⇩
“train, wagon” |
wake⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*uh₂ǵ-e‑
[wagə]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit वाज vaaja⇩
“strength, vigour” |
= Proto-Germanic *wakan |
|
*uh₂ǵ-e‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian بزرگ buzurg⇩
“large, big, great” |
warm⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*gʷʰor-mo-⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit घर्म gharma‑⇩,
which further developed into⇩
Urdu گرم garam⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *warma⇩ |
|
The root *gʷʰer‑⇩ |
developed into⇩ |
Ancient Greek θερμός thermos⇩ |
was⇩
(see “were”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂wés- [ħwes]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit सति vasati⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *wes-⇩ |
|
*h₂wés- [ħwes]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Proto-Hellenic awesa⇩,
which developed into⇩
Ancient Greek ἄεσα aesa⇩
“I slept” |
wasp⇩
(see “web”); in some English dialects waps
= Anglo-Saxon
waps⇩,
Proto-Germanic * waps(a)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁wobʰ‑seh₂⇩, derived from⇩
*h₁webʰ‑⇩, which |
developed into⇩
|
Balochi گْوَپت gwap⇩
“weave” |
water⇩
(see “otter”, “wet”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*wodr⇩ , variant⇩
of *wodn⇩, from the root *wed‑⇩. The derived form⇩
*wed-ns⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit उदन् udan⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *watar⇩
|
|
*wed-ns⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Latvian ūdens⇩
|
wax⇩
(to grow; see “eke”) |
comes from⇩
|
*h₂wég-s- [ħwegs]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit वक्ष् vaksh-⇩,
in e.g. vakshayati⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon
weaxan⇩
|
|
*h₂wég-s- [ħwegs]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Persian وخش vakhsh⇩
|
we⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*wei⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit वयम् vayam⇩
|
wear⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*wos⇩, derived from⇩
*wes⇩, which
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit वस्ते vaste⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *waz‑⇩
|
|
*wes⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Albanian vesh⇩ |
|
|
*wes⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Latin vestis⇩ |
weave⇩
(see “wasp”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁webʰ‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Pashto اوبدل obdal⇩
|
web⇩
= Anglo-Saxon webb
|
is also from⇩
|
*h₁webʰ‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Balochi گْوَپت gwap⇩
“weave” |
Scots wab⇩
|
|
*h₁webʰ‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian بافتن baaftan⇩
“weave” |
= Proto-Germanic *wab- |
|
*h₁webʰ‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Ancient Greek ὑφή huphe⇩
|
wed⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁wedʰ- [ə̥wedʰ]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit वधू vadhu⇩
“bride, daughter-in-law” |
= Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic wed- |
|
*h₁wedʰ- [ə̥wedʰ]⇩ |
further developed into⇩
|
Urdu بہو bahu⇩
“daughter-in-law” |
weigh⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*wéǵʰ- [weg̟ʰ]⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Balochi and Persian پرواز parwaz⇩
“flight” |
Proto-Germanic *weg- ≈ PIE *wéǵʰ⇩ |
|
*wéǵʰ- [weg̟ʰ]⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit वहति vahati⇩
“to convey” |
|
|
*wéǵʰ- [weg̟ʰ]⇩ |
further developed into⇩
|
Urdu بہنا behna⇩
“to flow” |
were⇩
(see “was”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₂wés- [ɐ̥wes]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit सति vasati⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *wēze [we:ʐə]⇩
|
|
*h₂wés- [ɐ̥wes]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Ancient Greek ἄεσα aesa⇩
“I slept” |
were(wolf)⇩
(see “wolf”) |
comes from⇩
|
*wih₁ro- [ʋi:ɾo]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit वीर vira⇩
|
Anglo-Saxon wer⇩
Proto-Germanic *wira⇩
|
|
*wih₁ro- [ʋi:ɾo]⇩ |
further developed into⇩
|
Hindi वीर vir⇩
|
west⇩
= Anglo-Saxon west
Proto-Germanic * wester‑⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*wekʷsper-os⇩. *wekʷsper‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian večer vecher⇩
|
wet⇩
(see “otter”, “water”)
= Anglo-Saxon wet,
Proto-Germanic *wēt-
|
comes from⇩
|
*wed‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Armenian գետ gyet⇩
“river” |
what⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kʷod⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit कद् kad⇩
|
Proto-Germanic *hwat⇩
|
|
*kʷod⇩ |
further developed into⇩
|
Punjabi ਕਦੋਂ kado⇩ “when”
|
wheat⇩
(see “white”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱwoid⇩, derived from⇩
*ḱweid‑⇩,
a form of⇩
*ḱweit‑⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian سفید sefid⇩
“white” |
wheel⇩
(see “cycle”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*kʷel‑⇩
“move around” |
developed into⇩
|
Ukrainian колесо koleso⇩
“wheel”
|
|
|
*kʷel‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Hindi चलते chalte⇩
“walk” |
|
|
*kʷel‑⇩ |
also developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit चरति charati⇩
“walk” |
|
|
*kʷel‑⇩
|
also developed into⇩
|
Persian چریدن charidan⇩
“graze” |
where⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kʷor⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit कर्हि karhi⇩
|
|
|
*kʷor⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Albanian kur⇩
“when” |
|
|
*kʷor⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian kur⇩ |
whether⇩
Proto-West Germanic * hwaþar⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kʷóteros [kwótero—]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Sanskrit कतर katara⇩
|
|
|
*kʷóteros [kwótero—]⇩ |
also developed into⇩ |
Lithuanian (dialectal) kataras⇩
|
while⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic hwīl⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kʷih₁- [kʷi:]⇩,
derived from⇩
*kʷieh₁- [kʷie:]⇩.
The extended form *kʷieh₁-to- [kʷie:to]⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Persian شاد shad⇩
“happy” |
white⇩
(see “wheat”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic hwīt⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*ḱweid‑⇩,
a form of⇩
*ḱweit‑⇩
|
developed into⇩
|
Persian سفید sefid⇩
|
who⇩
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic hwā⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*kʷó‑⇩
[kwo] |
developed into⇩
|
Kurdish kî⇩
|
|
|
*kʷó‑⇩
[kwo] |
also developed into⇩
|
Ossetian чи chi⇩
|
whole⇩
(see “hale”)
|
comes from⇩
|
*koi-lo-⇩ |
developed into⇩
|
Bosnian cijelo⇩
“all” |
wide⇩
(see “widow”)
Anglo-Saxon and Proto-Germanic wīd⇩
|
comes from⇩
|
*h₁weidʰh₁- [hweid |