Root
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e grade |
o grade |
zero grade |
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√*bʰ—dʰ
“dig, stab” |
*bʰedʰ‑
> Lithuanian badýti “to stab” |
*bʰodʰ-
> bed |
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√*bʰ—r
“to bear” |
*bʰer-
> bear |
*bʰor-no-
> bairn |
*bʰr-nos > born, borne |
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√*bʰ—udʰ
“awake, aware” |
*bʰeudʰ‑
> bid |
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*bʰudʰ‑
> bode |
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√*bʰl—g
“shine” |
*bʰleg‑,
possibly related to *bʰléiǵ‑ > Lithuanian blizgė
“shone” |
*bʰlog‑
> black |
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√*dʰ—h₁
“do, put” |
*dʰeh₁-
> Bosnian nedelja “not-doing” i.e.
“Sunday, week”; *dʰéh₁-ti- [dʱe:ti] > deed |
*dʰoh₁-
[dʱo:]
> do |
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√*dʰ—uh₂
“smoke, mist” |
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*dʰouh₂ [dʱoʊɐ] > dew |
*dʰuh₂ [dʱuɐ] > Siraiki dhuul “dust” |
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| √*ǵ—l |
*ǵel- > chill |
*ǵól-to-
> cold |
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| “cold” |
Possibly related: *ḱel-to- > Persian سرد sard
“cold” |
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√*gʰ—rdʰ
“enclose” |
*gʰerdʰ‑
> gird |
*gʰordʰ-o‑
> garden |
*gʰrdʰ‑
> Persian کرت chart “plot” |
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√*ǵʰ—lh₃
“gleam, yellow” |
*ǵʰelh₃-wos [g̟ʱelʋus] > yellow |
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*ǵʰlh₃-to- [g̟ʱl̩t—] > gold |
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√*gʷ—m
“to step” |
*gʷem‑
> come |
*gʷe-gʷom- > came |
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√*gʷʰ—r
“warm, hot” |
*gʷʰer‑
> Ancient Greek θερμός thermos “warm” |
*gʷʰor-mo-
> warm |
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√*h₁r—udʰ
“red” |
*h₁reudʰ- [hrəʊdʱ] > Latvian [h]ruds “red” |
*h₁roudʰ- [hroʊdʱ] > red |
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√*h₁w—bʰ
“weave” |
*h₁webʰ‑
> web |
*h₁wobʰ‑seh₂
> wasp |
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√*h₁w—idʰh₁
“separate, divide” |
*h₁weidʰh₁- [hweidʱɘ̥]
> wide |
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*h₁widʰh₁-uh₂- [hwidʱəwaħ] > widow |
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√*h₂—iḱ
“own” |
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*h₂e-h₂oiḱ- [ɐħɑik̟ʲ] > owe, own |
*h₂iḱ- [ħik̟ʲ] > Sanskrit ईष्टे ishte “own” |
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√*h₂—us
“dawn” |
*h₂eus-
[hɛus]
> east |
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*h₂us‑
> Sanskrit उषस्
ushas “dawn” |
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√*kr—ŭh₂
“raw meat, fresh blood” |
*kreuh₂-
[kɾeʊħ]
(sounds more like [kɾeɐħ]) > Ancient Greek κρέας kreas
“flesh” |
*krouh₂-
[kɾoʊħḁ]
> raw |
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√*ḱ—r
“horn, head”
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*ḱer-h₂-
> hart |
*ḱor-h₂-
> Lithuanian karvė “cow” |
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√*ḱw—ĭd
“shine” |
*ḱweid‑ ~ *ḱweit‑
> Persian سفید sefid “white” |
*ḱwoid
> wheat |
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√*l—ĭkʷ
“leave” |
*leikʷ‑
> Persian ریختن rikh(tan) “pour, spill, sprinkle” |
*loikʷ‑
> loan |
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√*l—ĭp
“to stick, fat” |
*leip‑
> Bosnian ljepilo “glue” |
*loip‑
> leave (over) |
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√*l—ŭbʰ
“love, desire” |
*leubʰ-
> Bosnian ljubav “love” |
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*lubʰ‑
> love, Sanskrit लुभ्यति lubhyati “to desire
greatly” |
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√*m—lh₂
“grind, crush” |
*melh₂‑
> Ancient Greek μέλας melas “black” (cf. melanoma) |
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*ml̥h₂-téh₂ [ml̩:teħ] > mould |
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√*m—nk
“mix, knead” |
*menk‑
> Bosnian mek “soft” |
*monk‑
> mingle |
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√*p—lh₁
“fallow” |
*pelh₁‑
[pelə]
> Latvian pelēks “grey” |
*polh₁-uo [polwo]
> fallow
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√*p—nt
“pass, path” |
*pént-e‑
> find |
*pónteh₁s [ponte:s] > Latin pons,
Iranian *paθa > path |
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√*p—r
“passage” |
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*pór-e‑
> fare |
*pr̥tu- [pr̩tʰu] > ford |
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√*pr—h₂
“before”
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*preh₂- [pʰreɐ]
> first |
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*prh₂-mH- former, Latin prīmus > prime |
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| √*s—d |
*sed-
> sit |
*sod-
> sat |
*-sd-, in *ni-sd-o [nizdo] > nest |
| “sit, settle” |
*sēd-i‑
> seat |
*so:d-o-
> soot |
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√*s—ŋ
“intone” |
*sengʷʰ‑e-
> sing |
*songʷʰ‑o-
> Proto-Germanic *sang [sɑŋ] > song, sang
[sæŋ] |
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√*t—ng
“think, feel, know” |
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*tong > thank |
*tng > think |
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√*t—rh₂
“cross over, pass through” |
*terh₂‑,
*terh₂-kʷe [terɐ̥kwe] > thorough |
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*trh₂- [trħa] > Sanskrit तिरस् tiras
“through” |
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√*w—s
“to dress, clothe”
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*wes > Albanian vesh
“to dress” |
*wos
> wear |
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